1
Q
goals do behavioral science
A
- describe behavior
- predict behavior
- determining causes of behavior:
temporal precedence
covariation of cause and effect
alternative explanations - explanation of behavior
2
Q
quantitive
A
numbers-based, countable, or measurable.
3
Q
qualitative data
A
interpretation-based, descriptive, and relating to language
4
Q
between v within subjects
A
- “between” means that you’re comparing different conditions between groups
- “within” means you’re comparing different conditions within the same group.
ex. between: investigating the efficacy of three different drugs for treating depression, one group of depressed individuals would receive one of the drugs, a different group would receive another one of the drugs, and yet another group would receive the remaining drug.
ex. within: All participants could be tested both while using a cell phone and while not using a cell phone and both during the day and during the night. This would mean that each participant was tested in all conditions.
5
Q
basic versus applied research
A
- basic (national science foundation)
(experimental/Theoretical work without any particular application or use in view)
(principles and theories) - applied (national insitutes of health)
(original investigation undertaken to get new knowledge)
(focuses of solution)
6
Q
hypothesis
A
- type of idea or question
-makes statement about something that may be true - then test it
7
Q
theory
A
a systematic body of ideas about a topic or phenomenon
8
Q
predictions
A
anticipate that a certain outcome will occur
9
Q
discussion
A
- general statement of finding
- hypotheses/predictions vs your results
- how do finding fit with past research
- what do results mean and where do they fit
- limitations
- future research
10
Q
results
A
- descriptive stats
- paragraph for each dependent variable
( type of analysis, between or within subject, results of stats test, mens or percentages)
11
Q
methods
A
- participants (how many, who are they, demographics, where were they recruited)
- procedure (what are they, how are they scored, psychometric properties (validity/reliability)
- description of type of analysis
12
Q
introduction
A
- problem statement
- purpose of the study
- operational definitions: general constructs/ specific methods/instruments
- relevant past research
- theory/hypotheses/predictions
-significance
13
Q
abstract
A
- read first/ write last
- should include brief info from every section of article
-approx 100-300
14
Q
sections of a research article
A
- abstract
- intro
- method
- results
- discussion
- reference
- tables/figure captions/figures
15
Q
I R B
A
- committees
- IRB trining/ IRB approval for studies : proposals, pilots and experiments
exempt risk. minimal risk, greater than minimal risk - do no harm
16
Q
special populations
A
- subjects to who federal regulations apply
ex. juveniles or prisons
17
Q
Multiple-baseline research
A
- special type of single-subject design
- This type of research is an adaptation of the reversal model and the traditional AB model
- In the reversal model, a treatment is applied after a subject has developed a pattern.
18
Q
semi experimental research design
A
ex . Field experiment.
- researchers manipulate an independent variable and measure changes in the tested, dependent variable.
- Although field experiments generalize extremely well, it’s not possible to eliminate extraneous variables. This can limit the usefulness of any conclusions.
19
Q
Correlational Research Designs
A
In correlational research designs, groups are studied and compared, but researchers cannot introduce variables or manipulate independent variables.
ex.
case control study
observational study
20
Q
confidentiality v Anonymity
A
Anonymity means you don’t know who the participants are
ex. research does not know Jill is Jill
confidentiality means you know who they are but remove identifying information from your research report
ex. research knows it is jills info but will not disclose that in the report
21
Q
three ethical principles
A
- beneficence : risks and benefit
- respect for persons : informed consent
- justice : selection of participants
22
Q
descriptive research
A
- Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied
- It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred
- Rather it addresses the “what” question
ex. case studies
naturalistic observation
surveys
23
Q
ethics in treatment of human
A
- Institutional approval
- Informed consent
- Consent for audiotape and images
- Special populations
- Foregoing informed consent
- Inducements to participate
- Deception
- Debriefing
24
Q
ratio
A
- a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring points
- highest and most informative scaling
ex. amount of money, height, age, weight
25
interval
- a numerical level of measurement which places variables in order
- known and equal distance between each value on the scale
ex. temp, credit score, SAT score
26
designs which allow statement
true experiments
27
ordinal
- the data can be categorized and ranked
ex. low medium high
agreement level, income,
28
control/third/extraneous variable
all the same thin; the variable will make sure the experiment can be done again
29
nominal
numbers have no value
- does not have rank or order
- categories
ex. gender
zip code
marriage status
college major
30
interval/ratio/descriptive stats
Mean
Median
Mode
Variability (SD)
Frequency distributions
(tables and graphs)
31
nominal/ descriptive stats
Percentages
Counts
Mode
Bar Graph
Chi-Square (Ҳ2)
32
levels of measurement
ranked from low to high
Nominal: the data can only be categorized.
Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked.
Interval: the data can be categorized and ranked, and evenly spaced.
Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced and has a natural zero
33
likert scale
interval no true variable; equal interval between
ex. 5 point likert scale
very satisfied to not satisfied
34
single subjects designs
- An individual “case” is the unit of intervention and unit of data analysis.
- which the subject serves as his/her own control, rather than using another individual/group.
- ex. a researcher might establish a baseline of studying behavior for a disruptive student (A), then introduce a treatment involving positive attention from the teacher (B), and then switch to a treatment involving mild punishment for not studying (C).
35
power
to tell if there is a difference between variables
36
factorial design
iv: two or more
- this is where we determine if we have an interaction
37
correlations
relationships between variables
38
counterbalancing
order effects
- want to make sure the order of the stimuli is counterbalanced so we can get rid of other reason why we might get result
39
sampling issues
nonrandom/non probability sampling
- csuf dining hall
40
snowball type of design
giving survey to friends and telling them to give to people they know
41
meta analysis
where researchers combine the findings from multiple studies to draw an overall conclusion.
42
informed consent
- confidentiality will be protected
-signature and witness to signature
- parent/guardian/caregiver signature if needed
43
risk benefit analysis
comparison between the risks of the situation and its benefits
44
debriefing
- a formal version of providing emotional and psychological support immediately following a traumatic event
- the goal of psychological debriefing is to prevent the development of post-traumatic stress disorder and other negative sequelae.
45
variables
event, situation, behavior or characteristic which varies
46
operational definitions
Variable is an abstract concept that must be
translated into concrete forms of observation
or manipulation.
A variable must be defined in terms of the
specific method used to measure or
manipulate it--this is called the operational
definition
Specifying how variable(s) will be
observed and/or measured in a study
– Cognitive performance
* Reaction time in ms to respond to stimulus
– Stress
* Self report questionnaire, BP, cortisol
– Weight
* Wt. in lb. using a spring scale with participants fully undressed after 10hrs of fasting
47
non experimental vs experimental
1. Artificiality
- Field experiment versus lab experiment;
weighing the advantages and disadvantages of
each
2. Ethical and practical issues
- nonexperimental methods may be necessary
- ex post facto design
Experimental research is the type of research that uses a scientific approach towards manipulating one or more control variables and measuring their defect on the dependent variables,
non-experimental research is the type of research that does not involve the manipulation of control variables.
48
non randomized trials
* Less expensive to conduct
* Faster
* May be only evidence available
* Can provide converging evidence for
randomized clinical trials
ex. A clinical trial in which the participants are not assigned by chance to different treatment groups. Participants may choose which group they want to be in, or they may be assigned to the groups by the researchers.
49
case control studies
* Can be done more quickly than cohort
studies
* Less reliable than either randomized
controlled trials or cohort studies
*A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls)
50
cohort studies
- a type of epidemiological study in which a group of people with a common characteristic is followed over time to find how many reach a certain health outcome of interest
- ex. People who became parents in the same year. People who retire at the same time. All of the students who went to a particular school during a certain time period
51
crossover (random)
where you assess 2 or more interventions. In this design, all participants receive all the interventions, but the order in which they get the interventions is randomized
- For example, if you have 3 interventions, participants will be randomised to one of the 3 sequences (ABC or ACB or BCA)
52
parallel designs (randomization)
- a type of clinical study in which two or more groups of participants receive different interventions
- Participants are assigned to one of the treatment arms at the beginning of the trial and continue in that arm throughout the length of the trial.
- Assignment to a group usually is randomized.
53
randomized controlled clinical trials
- A study in which the participants are divided by chance into separate groups that compare different treatments or other interventions.
ex. types of trials parallel, crossover, and factorial designs.
54
systematic review
- A high-level overview of primary research on a
particular research question
– Tries to identify, select, synthesize and appraise all high quality research evidence relevant to that question in order to answer it
55
Randomized controlled clinical trials
- A study in which the participants are divided by chance into separate groups that compare different treatments or other interventions
- ex. compare diabetic patients with implanted insulin pumps against diabetic patients who receive multiple insulin injections (the control group)
56
Sequential research designs
- Similar to longitudinal designs, sequential research features participants who are followed over time
- similar to cross-sectional designs, sequential research includes participants of different ages.
57
developmental research designs
cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential.
58
longitudinal method
- cohort effect
- attrition
- time and money
59
program evaluation
- method for collecting, analyzing, and using data to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of programs and, as importantly, to contribute to continuous program improvement.
- needs assessment
-program theory assessment
ex. drug abuse resistance education
ex. well elderly study
60
Quasi experimental
- studies that aim to evaluate interventions but that do not use randomization
- demonstrate causality b/w an intervention and an outcome
- the independent variable can not be randomly assigned because it is an innate difference of the participants themselves.
- A memory task with a group of clinically depressed participants compared to a control group of non-depressed participants
61
what is the difference between non experimental vs experimental methods
nonexperimental:
two problems with making causal statements
1. direction of cause and effect
2. third variable problem
experimental
one variable is manipulated and the other variable measured
- eliminates the third variable problem (confounding)
- independent variable (manipulated variable) (cause)
- dependent variable (measured variable)(effect)
62
three validities
Construct validity
– the adequacy of the operational definitions
Internal validity
– the ability to draw conclusions about causal
relationships
External validity
the extent to which the results can be
generalized to other populations and settings
63
ecological validity
- examines whether the results of a study can be generalized to real-life settings
- significance: examines whether the results of a study can be generalized to real-life settings
64
reliability
The degree to which our measurements
are consistent and contain a minimum of
measurement error
test-retest
* Inter-rater
* Internal consistency
– Chronbach’s alpha
– Split-half reliability
65
predictive validity
does measure predict future behavior
- on the job performance ?
66
content validity
does measure assess appropriate content ?
67
face validity
- looks okay
- looks to measure what it is suppose to measure
- look at items for appropriateness
68
external validity
the extent to which the results can be
generalized to other populations and settings
ex. all has to do with replication of the study
69
Internal validity
the ability to draw conclusions about causal
relationships
- piece of evidence you are giving supports the claim you gave
- effects in the research are because of the manipulation of dependent variable
ex. if a researcher hypothesizes that using a particular mindfulness app will reduce negative mood. good
70
construct validity
the adequacy of the operational definition(s)
- how well do findings reflect reality
ex. someone measures weight using self report (bad)
71
validity
The extent to which a
procedure/instrument measures what
it is intended to measure
Construct validity
Internal validity
External validity
72
true score
- is the individual's score on a measure if there was no error
- Some classic theories of measurement believe that a true score can be estimated through repeated testing
73
measurement error
the difference between a measured quantity and its true value
74
reactivity
psychological phenomenon that happens when someone changes the way they behave because they know they're being observed
75
theory
a systematic body of ideas about a topic or phenomenon
76
theory
a systematic body of ideas about a topic or phenomenon
77
results
- descriptive stats
- paragraph for each dependent variable
( type of analysis, between or within subject, results of stats test, mens or percentages)
78
bar graph
a diagram in which the numerical values of variables are represented by the height or length of lines or rectangles of equal width.
79
central tendency
- a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or centre of its distribution
80
criterion validity
use the predictor variables hours studied and hours of sleep the night before the test to predict the value of the criterion variable test score.
81
descriptive stats
a means of describing features of a data set by generating summaries about data samples.
82
effect size
a value measuring the strength of the relationship between two variables in a population
83
frequency distribution
visual displays that organise and present frequency counts so that the information can be interpreted more easily.
Frequency distributions can show absolute frequencies or relative frequencies, such as proportions or percentages.
84
histogram
a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval
- tells you: the frequency of numerical data using rectangles
- A histogram is the graphical representation of quantitative data.
85
mean
the average of a data set, found by adding all numbers together and then dividing the sum of the numbers by the number of numbers.
86
median
the middle value in a set of data
87
mode
set of data is the value in the set that occurs most often
88
Sequential research designs
- Similar to longitudinal designs, sequential research features participants who are followed over time
- similar to cross-sectional designs, sequential research includes participants of different ages.
89
parallel designs (randomization)
- a type of clinical study in which two or more groups of participants receive different interventions
- Participants are assigned to one of the treatment arms at the beginning of the trial and continue in that arm throughout the length of the trial.
- Assignment to a group usually is randomized.
psych 202
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