Final

Question 1

stages of memory

Answer 1

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 2

Storing memory steps

Answer 2

attention encoding
sensory memory
short term memory
long term memory

Question 3

Two factors/variables that influence eyewitness accounts

Answer 3

Estimator
System

Question 4

Estimator variables

Answer 4

preset at the time of the crime and cannot be changed (age of witness)

Question 5

System Variables

Answer 5

Can be manipulated to increase or decrease accuracy of witness ex: lineup procedure

Question 6

Age as an estimator variable

Answer 6

older adults produce lower correct rejection rates than younger adults

Question 7

Race as an Estimator variable/ cross race effect

Answer 7

Witnesses are able to remember faces of their own race more accurately than those of others

Question 8

cross race effect may relate to

Answer 8

attitudes and interracial exposure

Question 9

Weapon Focus

Answer 9

phenomenon where witness’ attention being focused on weapon rather than culprit

Question 10

Attempts to explain weapon focus

Answer 10

-Cue utilization (because of emotional arousal person will focus on central detail not peripheral)
-Unusualness (weapon is unusual so focus on it)

Question 11

conditions of Witness interview as system variable

Answer 11

witness may not feel comfortable, calm
interruptions
too many short-answer questions
relevant questions not asked
rushing
leading questions (misinformation effect)

Question 12

two types memory retrieval eyewitness perform

Answer 12

Recall memory: reporting witnessed details

Recognition memory: determining if what is being seen/heard is the same as before

Question 13

Live line up

Answer 13

real people are shown, suspect along with foils

Question 14

simultaneous line up

Answer 14

foils match description
witnesses see all at same time

Question 15

issues with simultaneous line up

Answer 15

results in relative comparison
police may give off cues
witnesses assume culprit is in line up
false positive up to 43%

Question 16

sequential line up

Answer 16

One person is viewed at a time
‘Yes/No’, then on to the next if ‘No’
Results in Absolute Judgment (comparing individuals to witness’ memory)
Lower false positives (about 17%)

Question 17

Photo Line-ups (Arrays)

Answer 17

Simultaneous or sequential
As good a live line-ups
More flexibility is offered

Question 18

Video Line-ups

Answer 18

Relatively new
Supported by researchers
All the benefits of photo line-ups plus…

Question 19

Show-ups

Answer 19

Yes or No?
debate
only used in death bed and immediate apprehension scenarios

Question 20

Walk-by

Answer 20

Witness is taken to a real, public location to identify the culprit

Question 21

Recommendations for line ups

Answer 21

The person who conducts the lineup should not be aware of who is the suspect

Eyewitnesses should be informed the culprit may not be present in the lineup

The suspect should not stand out

A clear statement regarding a witness’ confidence should be taken at the time of the identification

Pay careful attention to the potential errors made by police

Question 22

The Misinformation Effect

Answer 22

Occurs when a witness is provided with inaccurate information about an event after it is witnessed and incorporates the ‘misinformation’ in their later recall (Loftus, 1975)

Question 23

Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)

Answer 23

is the most popular method of assessing psychopathy in adults

-20-item scale
-Semi-structured interview and review of file information
-Assesses interpersonal, affective, and behavioural features

Question 24

what pcl-r score is psychopathic

Answer 24

30 or higher is a psychopath (However, 25+ may be sufficient to indicate that someone is a psychopath)

Question 25

how many people are pshycopaths

Answer 25

0.6-1% of the general population (some estimates are a little higher) 15-20% of male offenders (in N. America)

Question 26

Are there Self-Report Measures for psychopaths?

Answer 26

Yes, there are some advantages but also some disadvantages E.g., easy to administer, but require self-knowledge and honesty

Question 27

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)

Answer 27

A personality disorder characterized by a history of behaviours in which the rights of others are violated

Question 28

APD symptoms

Answer 28

Need to display three or more symptoms Repeatedly engages in criminal activity Deceitfulness Irresponsibility Impulsivity Lack of remorse Irritability Reckless behaviours

Question 29

Are psychopaths and APD related

Answer 29

Almost all psychopaths can be classified as having APD but most offenders diagnosed with APD are not psychopaths

Question 30

Does psychopathy work for the NCRMD (Not Criminally Responsible by reason of Mental Disorder) defence?

Answer 30

No. Psychopaths know the difference between right and wrong.

Question 31

psychopaths and crime tendencies

Answer 31

Start their criminal careers younger Persist longer and commit a greater variety of crime Engage in more violent crime More likely to reoffend

Question 32

In murder cases, psychopaths typically have:

Answer 32

multiple victims victims that may be strangers male victims the tendency leave the scene of the crime the tendency to deny responsibility

Question 33

Instrumental Homicide

Answer 33

Murder to obtain a goal

Question 34

Psychopathic violence is more likely to be:

Answer 34

Predatory Instrumental Callous Calculated Not reactive in nature Target strangers Opportunistic

Question 35

Psychopathic professionals tend to have

Answer 35

Poor management and performance appraisals Better creativity Stronger communication skills Less likely to be team players Engage in more strategic thinking

Question 36

Psychopathy and Sexual Violence

Answer 36

Psychopathy is only weakly associated with sexual offenses But, offenders who commit sexual homicide score higher on psychopathy

Question 37

Does treatment work for psychopaths?

Answer 37

May learn how to trick the professional and learn the answers better to teach that they will get further in life by acting according to societal rules

Question 38

Youth who score high on PCL:YV (Youth Version)

Answer 38

Begin criminal behaviours younger Engage in more violence Are at greater risk to reoffend once released Psychopathic traits are linked with delinquency and aggression

Question 39

Example of evidence to suggest genetic contribution to psychopathy:

Answer 39

Identical twins have more similar scores on Psychopathic Personality Inventory than do fraternal twins Genetics seem to account for between 37% and 44% of psychopathic scores

Question 40

Strongest family background predictors of developing psychopathy in adulthood are:

Answer 40

Criminal parent Having an uninvolved father Low family income Disrupted family life Experiencing physical neglect/maltreatment

Question 41

Psychopathic suspects are difficult to interrogate. They:

Answer 41

Try to outwit police Attempt to control the interrogation Will not be fooled by bluffs Enjoy being the focus of investigation Attempt to shock

Question 42

3 general dependent variables in eyewitness

Answer 42

recall of the event/crime recall of the perpetrator recognition of perpetrator

Question 43

open ended recall/free ended narrative

Answer 43

witness will write down everything they can remember without prompts or questions

Question 44

direct question recall

Answer 44

question about specifics of the crime

Question 45

memory conformity

Answer 45

when witnesses speak to each other and then come up with one story which may not be true

Question 46

source misattribution concept

Answer 46

Explanation for misinformation effect: witness has 2 memories one that is real one that is fake but cant remember the origin

Question 47

hypnosis for witness

Answer 47

may help for trauma mixed results not allowed in court

Question 48

cognitive interview

Answer 48

greater detail with less incorrect detail useful on witness not suspect based on storage and retrieval principles

Question 49

enhanced cognitive interview

Answer 49

apply concepts of social dynamics in addition such as transfer control and rapport building

Question 50

factors that influence voice recognition

Answer 50

longer= better accuracy whispering decreased accuracy familiar accent means better accuracy

Question 51

confidence and accuracy

Answer 51

high accuracy when confident for correct identification strong relationship in general

Question 52

Adversarial alllegiance

Answer 52

Forensics expert has bias to who hired them ex pcl r score