KNES 213 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Correlation

A

A relationship or connection between things
Eg. correlation between ice cream sales and crime rates , it doesn’t that eating ice cream causes crime

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2
Q

Causation

A

Something causing something
Cause-and-effect relationship

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3
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of a measurement. Eg/ constantly measuring 150lbs is reliable even if the persons actual weight is different.

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4
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy of a measurement

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5
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Assesses the consists of scores over time

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6
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

Measures the degree of agreement between different raters or observers

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7
Q

Intra-rater reliability

A

Assesses the consistency of ratings by the same rater across multiple trails or occasions

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8
Q

Construct validity

A

Assesses whether a measure accurately represents the underlying construct or concept it is intended to measure

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9
Q

Internal validity

A

Refers to the extend to which a study can establish a cause-and-effect relationship between variables, minimizing the influence of confounding variables

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10
Q

External validity

A

Refers to the extend to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other populations or settings

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11
Q

Observational studies

A

Observe and collect data without manipulating any variables

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12
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

(Observational study)
Data is collected at a single point in time

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13
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Data is collected over an extended period of
(Observational study)

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14
Q

Stratified longitudinal study

A

Participants are divided into subgroups (strata) based on shared characteristic, and data is collected over time
(Observational study)

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15
Q

Experimental study

A

Manipulating an independent variable to observe its effect on a dependent variable

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16
Q

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs)

A

Participants are randomly assigned to Éthier an experimental group or control group
(Experimental study)

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17
Q

Quasi-experimental studies

A

Like RCTs but without random assigned of participants
Everyone is there own control (no control group)
(Experimental group)

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18
Q

Pre-experimental studies

A

Lacks control group or may have other limitations that weaken the strength of evidence
(Experimental study)

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19
Q

Qualitative research approach

A

Aim to understand experiences, perspectives, and meanings rather then focusing on numerical data

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20
Q

Case studies (qualitative)

A

In-depth examination of a particular individual, group, or situation

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21
Q

Ethnographies (qualitative)

A

Focus on understanding cultures or cultural groups

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22
Q

Phenomenological studies

A

Explore the lived experiences of individuals related to a particular phenomenon

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23
Q

Sampling methods: target population

A

The entire group of individuals to which the study wants to generalize the results

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24
Q

Sampling methods: accessible population

A

The portion of the target population that is accessible to the researcher

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25
Sampling methods: sampling bias
Occurs when the sample chosen for the study is not representative of the target population, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions
26
Hypothesis testing
The process of evaluating evidence to determine whether to reject or fail to reject a null hypothesis
27
Null hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables
28
Alternative hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables
29
Hypothesis testing: Type I error
Rejecting a true null hypothesis (you state something has change when it did not) Eg/ the fire alarm rings but there is no fire
30
Hypothesis testing: type II error
Failure to reject a false null hypothesis (you state something did not change, but it did) Eg/ fire alarm fails to ring when there is a fire
31
Hypothesis testing: P-value
??
32
Quantitative data analysis
Uses statistical methods to analyze numerical data. Goal is present finding clearly and concisely using tables,graphs, and figures
33
Qualitative data analysis
Involves interpreting non-numerical data, such as text, images, or audio recordings. Coding is a key step where researchers assign labels to segments of data to categorize and group them thematically
34
Tri-Council policy Statement (TCPS 2)
Provides guidelines for ethical readership involving humans in Canada. It is based on three main principles respect for persons, concern for welfare, justice
35
Respect for persons (TCPS 2)
Recognizing the inherent dignity and worth of all individuals respecting their autonomy and protecting those with diminished autonomy
36
Concern for welfare (TCPS 2)
Protecting the well being of participants, minimizing risks, and maximizing benefits
37
Justice (TCPS 2)
Ensuring fairness and equity in the distribution of benefits and burdens of research
38
Privacy and confidentiality
Crucial in studies Privacy: individuals right to control access to their personal information and to be free from intrusions Confidentiality: researchers obligation to protect information entrusted by participants
39
Informed consent
Participants must provide informed constant before participating in the research. Informed consent involves providing clear and comprehensive information about the study (purpose, procedures, risks, benefits), ensuring the participant understands the information and can make a choice, and obtaining written consent
40
Epistemology
The study of knowledge and justified belief. It explores questions about how we acquire knowledge, what constitutes valid knowledge, and how we justify our beliefs
41
Ontology
The study of being and nature of reality. It explores questions about what exists, what the basic categories of being are, and the relationship between them
42
Positivism
Emphasizes objective, measurable observations and seeks to establish universal laws and principles. It relies heavily on quantitative methods and hypothesis testing
43
Research paradigms
Different paradigms reflect different assumptions about the nature of reality and how knowledge can be acquired
44
Interpretivism
Focus on understanding the subjective experiences and meanings individuals attach to their world. It favours qualitative methods and inductive reasoning
45
Pragmatism
Emphasizes the practical implications and usefulness of readership findings. Pragmatists are often open to using quantitative and qualitative methods depending on the research question
46
Deductive reasoning
Starts with general principles or premises and uses logical steps to get a specific conclusion.
47
Inductive reasoning
Starts with specific observations or experiences and draws general conclusions. Prone to biases and doesn’t guarantee not guarantee the truth of the conclusion
48
Worldviews
Can influence their research approach and interpretation of findings
49
Positivism (worldview)
Seeks objective truth through empirical observation and measurement
50
Constructivism (worldview)
Believes knowledge is constructed through individual and social interactions
51
Pragmatism (worldview)
Focuses on the practical implications and consequences of research findings
52
Transformative paradigms (worldview)
Seeks to address social justice issues and promote positive social change
53
Two-eyed seeing (worldview)
Empathizes the integration of indigenous and western knowledge systems
54
Bottom-up processig
Processing information from the senses upward to the brain, analyzing basic features before constructing a complete perception. Eg/recognizing letter A by first processing its individual lines and angles
55
Top-down processing
Using prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret incoming sensory information. Eg/ reading a partially obscured word by using context of the sentence to fill in the missing letters
56
Cognitive biases
Are systematic errors in thinking that can arise from our brains attempts to simplify information processing. They can influence how we interpret information, make decisions, and even design and conduct research
57
Conformation bias
The tendency to favour information that confirms our pre-existing beliefs
58
Motivated reasoning (bias)
The tendency to process information in a way that protects our self-esteem or reinforces desired beliefs
59
The “replication crisis”
Refers to the challenge of replacing the findings of previously published readership. This crisis highlights the importance of rigorous research methods,transparency in reporting, and the need to consider potential biases and limitations in reaserch
60
Appeals to authority
While experts opinions can be valuable, relying solely on authority figures without considering the evidence is a fallacy.
61
Secondary sources
Interpret, analyze, or summarize information from primary sources. When relying on secondary sources consider authors expertise, potential bias, and accuracy
62
Peer review process
A quality control mechanism in academic publishing. Submitted manuscripts are reviewed by experts in the field to assess the rigor of the research, the validity of the findings, and the significance of the contribution. The peer review process helps to ensure the quality of published research, but it is not infallible and can sometimes be subject to biases.
63
Confounding variable
An extraneous variable that correlates with both the independent and dependent variables, potentially distorting the relationship between them
64
Double-blind study
Neither the researcher nor the participant knows which treatment the participant is receiving. This helps to reduce bias in research
65
Independent variable
The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher
66
Dependent variable
The variable that is measured to observe the effect of the independent variable
67
Knowledge translation
The process of moving research findings into practice to improve health outcomes
68
Meta-analysis
A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon
69
Member checking
A technique used in qualitative research to ensure that the research’s interpretations accurately reflect the participants experiences and perspectives
70
P-hacking
Manipulating data analysis procedures to achieve a desired p-value, often leading to false positive results
71
Qualitative research
Explores experiences, perspectives, and meanings using non-numerical data
72
Quantitative research
Focuses on measuring and analyzing numerical data to test hypothesis and establish relationships between variables
73
Systematic review
A comprehensive and rigorous review of existing literature on a specific research question
74
Triangulation
Using multiple data sources or methods to enhance the credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research findings
KNES 213
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