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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Jean Piaget

A

He studied how kids think and learn
* Believed children’s thinking develops in stages
* Main stages:

Babies learn through touching and doing

Toddlers start using imagination

School kids start using logic

Teenagers can think about big ideas

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Sigmund Freud (Personality Development) 🛋️
* Thought our childhood experiences shape our personality
* Believed we have three parts of our mind:

ID (wants instant fun)

EGO (tries to balance fun and rules)

SUPEREGO (our moral conscience)
* Talked about different stages of growing up based on pleasure

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3
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Erik Erikson (Social-Emotional Development) 💕
* Focused on how we develop emotionally throughout life
* Created stages from baby to old age
* Each stage has a challenge to overcome
* Example stages:

Babies need to feel safe and loved

Kids learn to be independent

Teenagers figure out who they are

Adults learn to care for others

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4
Q

Behavioral Theory

A

Behavioral Theory Basics 🧠
* Focuses on how we learn through consequences
* Believes behavior can be changed by what happens after it

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5
Q

Behavioral Theory types of reinforcement

A

Positive Reinforcement (+) 👍
* Adding something good to INCREASE a behavior
* Example: Getting a sticker for cleaning your room
* Makes you want to clean more!

Negative Reinforcement (-) 🛡️
* Removing something unpleasant to INCREASE a behavior
* Example: Taking pain medicine to stop a headache
* Makes you more likely to take medicine next time

Punishment 🚫
* Adding something unpleasant to DECREASE a behavior
* Example: Losing video game time for not doing homework
* Tries to stop a behavior from happening again

Extinction 🕳️
* Stopping a reward completely
* Example: Ignoring a child’s tantrum
* Behavior eventually stops because it gets no attention

Fun Fact: B.F. Skinner was the main scientist who developed these ideas! 🐀🔬

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6
Q

Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development

A

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete
Formal

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7
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2 years) 👶
* Babies learn through touching, moving, and exploring
* Big discovery: Objects still exist even when they can’t see them
* Example: Peek-a-boo becomes fun!
* Key skill: Object permanence

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8
Q

Preoperational

A

Preoperational Stage (2 - 7 years) 🧒
* Kids start using imagination and language
* Magical thinking is SUPER real
* Can’t see things from other people’s perspectives
* Love pretend play
* Example: Talking to stuffed animals like they’re real

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9
Q

Concrete

A

Concrete Operational Stage (7 - 11 years) 🏆
* Start using logical thinking
* Can do math and understand rules
* Understand that things can change shape but still be the same
* Example: Knowing water in different shaped glasses is still the same amount

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10
Q

Formal

A

Formal Operational Stage (11 years - Adult) 🤔
* Can think about abstract ideas
* Use logic for complex problems
* Can imagine hypothetical situations
* Think about big concepts like love, justice
* Example: Solving math problems without physical objects

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11
Q

Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial Development

A
  • Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year) 👶
  • Autonomy vs. Shame (1-3 years)🚽
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years) 🦸
  • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years)
  • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years) 🤔
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adult)
  • Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Age) 👪

-Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Older Adult) 🌟

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12
Q

female puberty changes

A

FEMALE CHANGES 👧
Physical Changes:
* Breast development starts around 8-9
* First period (menarche) around 12-13
* Hips widen
* Body fat increases
* Growth spurt earlier (10-12 years)

Hormonal Changes:
* Estrogen increases
* Ovaries start releasing eggs
* Emotional changes more intense

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13
Q

male puberty changes

A

MALE CHANGES 👦
Physical Changes:
* Testicle growth starts around 11-12
* Voice deepens
* Muscle mass increases
* Penis grows
* Facial/body hair appears
* Growth spurt later (12-14 years)

Hormonal Changes:
* Testosterone increases
* Start producing sperm
* Nocturnal emissions (“wet dreams”)

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14
Q

puberty SHARED CHANGES FOR BOTH

A

SHARED CHANGES FOR BOTH 🤝
* Body hair growth
* Skin changes (acne)
* Increased sweat
* Emotional rollercoaster
* Sexual feelings develop
* Brain changes (more complex thinking)

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15
Q

puberty psychological changes

A

Identity exploration
* Peer relationships become super important
* Desire for independence
* Mood swings
* Self-consciousness increases

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16
Q

TYPES OF PLAY 🎮

A
  • functional play
  • symbolic play
    -constructive play
  • games with rules
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17
Q

Functional Play 👶

A
  • Repetitive motor activities
  • Example: Rolling a ball, running and laughing
  • Babies and toddlers love this!
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18
Q

Symbolic Play 🧸

A
  • Using objects to represent something else
  • Example: Pretending a block is a car
  • Imagination starts to bloom!
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19
Q

Constructive Play 🧩

A
  • Building and creating things
  • Example: Making towers with blocks
  • Learning problem-solving skills
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20
Q

Games with Rules 🏈

A
  • Structured play with specific guidelines
  • Example: Board games, sports
  • Develops social skills and understanding of fairness
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21
Q

OBJECT PERMANENCE 👀

A

Understanding that objects exist even when you can’t see them

  • A big milestone in baby’s cognitive development!
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22
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Object Permanence:

A

0-2 months: No understanding

2-4 months: Starts tracking moving objects

4-8 months: Partial understanding

8-12 months: Full object permanence

Peek-a-boo becomes super fun! 🙈

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23
Q

EARLY LANGUAGE STAGES 👶

A

Cooing (2 months)
* First vowel-like sounds
* Happy baby noises!

Babbling (6-9 months)
* Consonant + vowel sounds
* “Dada”, “Baba”

First Words (12-18 months)
* Simple words like “mama”, “dog”
* Receptive vocabulary > Expressive vocabulary

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24
Q

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT THEORIES 🧠

A

mitation Theory (Social Cognitive) 🦜
* Children learn by copying others
* Repeat words and sounds they hear
* Parents are the first language teachers!

Reinforcement Theory (B.F. Skinner) 👏
* Kids get rewarded for correct language
* Smiles, claps encourage more talking
* Incorrect words get less attention

Sensitive Period Theory 🕰️
* Best time to learn language: 18-24 months
* Brain is super flexible
* Easier to learn multiple languages

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LANGUAGE MILESTONES 📊
* 1-2 years: 50 word vocabulary * 2-3 years: Simple sentences * 3-4 years: Complex conversations
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Different types of parenting style
-Authoritative - Authoritarian Parenting 🚫 - Permissive Parenting 🤗 - Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting 😔
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Authoritative Parenting 🌟
* Warm and supportive * Clear rules and expectations * Explain reasons behind rules * Kids are: Confident Good self-control Happy Successful in school
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Authoritarian Parenting 🚫
* Strict "Because I said so" approach * Lots of rules * Little explanation * Kids might be: Rebellious Low self-esteem Angry Less creative
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Permissive Parenting 🤗
* Very few rules * Very loving * Let kids do mostly what they want * Kids might be: Impulsive Struggle with self-control Less disciplined Potential behavior problems
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Uninvolved/Neglectful Parenting 😔
Minimal guidance * Little emotional support * Minimal attention * Kids might be: Low self-esteem Struggle academically Higher risk of behavioral issues
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Epiphyseal Closure in men
Growth plate (growth zone) in bones * Determines how tall a person will be * Happens during puberty/adolescence TIMELINE FOR MEN 📊 * Starts around 14-15 years old * Completes around 18-20 years old * Varies based on genetics and nutrition
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GROWTH PLATE PROCESS 🚀
Cartilage continuously grows Bone gradually replaces cartilage Bones stop lengthening "Plates close" = No more height increase
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STAGES OF DELIVERY 👶
First Stage: Cervix Preparation 🚪 * Contractions start * Cervix dilates (opens) * Lasts several hours * Ends when cervix is 10cm open Second Stage: Baby's Arrival 🤱 * Active pushing begins * Baby moves through birth canal * Ends when baby is born * Usually 20 minutes to 2 hours Third Stage: Placenta Delivery 🩸 * Placenta is expelled * Uterus continues contracting * Prevents excessive bleeding * Lasts about 5-30 minutes
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NEWBORN REFLEXES 🤏
Rooting Reflex 👄 * Baby turns head when cheek is touched * Helps find food source * Disappears around 4 months Moro Reflex (Startle) 😱 * Arms and legs fling out when startled * Protective mechanism * Disappears around 2 months Grasping Reflex 🤲 * Closes fingers when palm is touched * Survival mechanism * Disappears around 5-6 months Stepping Reflex 👣 * Looks like walking when held upright * Disappears around 2 months Babinski Reflex 🦶 * Toes fan out when foot is stroked * Disappears around 1 year
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Apgar Score 📊
Quick health check for newborns * Scores from 0-10 * Checks: Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiratory effort
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SHORT-TERM MEMORY 🚦
Also called "Working Memory" * Limited storage capacity * Holds information briefly * Typically 15-30 seconds * Can hold 4-7 items at once * Like a mental sticky note! 📝 CHARACTERISTICS: * Temporary storage * Easily forgotten * Requires active processing * Used for immediate tasks
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LONG-TERM MEMORY 🗄️
Permanent storage * Virtually unlimited capacity * Can last years/lifetime
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* Three main types: LONG TERM MEMORY
Explicit (Conscious) Memory * Facts you can deliberately recall * Personal experiences * Historical knowledge Implicit (Unconscious) Memory * Automatic skills * Learned behaviors * Like riding a bike * Don't require conscious thought Procedural Memory * "How to" memories * Motor skills * Muscle memory * Typing, driving, swimming
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SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE STAGES 🔄
Experimentation Regular Use Risky Use Addiction
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DEPENDENCE CHARACTERISTICS 🚩
* Tolerance (need more for same effect) * Withdrawal symptoms * Loss of control * Continued use despite consequences
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS 💊
Types: Alcohol (ETOH) Narcotics Sedatives Benzodiazepines
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CNS DEPRESSANT EFFECTS 😴
Slow brain activity * Reduce nervous system stimulation * Decrease heart rate * Lower blood pressure * Reduce anxiety * Cause drowsiness
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ALCOHOL (ETOH) SPECIFIC EFFECTS 🍺
Short-Term: * Reduced inhibitions * Impaired judgment * Slowed reflexes * Mood changes Long-Term: * Liver damage * Brain cell destruction * Increased cancer risk * Mental health issues
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EARLY ADULTHOOD (18-35) 💑
Relationship Stages: * Dating exploration * Intimate partnerships * Cohabitation * Marriage considerations * Early parenthood Challenges: * Identity formation * Career development * Financial independence * Emotional maturity
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WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS 🌪️
* Anxiety * Tremors * Sweating * Potential seizures * Hallucinations
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MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (35-65) 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦
Relationship Dynamics: * Established partnerships * Parenting teenagers * Caring for aging parents * "Sandwich Generation" * Career peak Challenges: * Maintaining intimacy * Managing family responsibilities * Potential midlife transitions * Empty nest syndrome
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LATE ADULTHOOD (65+) 👵👴
Relationship Characteristics: * Long-term partnerships * Grandparenting * Retirement together * Potential widowhood * Reduced social network Challenges: * Health limitations * Loss of spouse * Reduced mobility * Emotional adjustment
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COMMON MENSTRUAL ISSUES 🚨
-Dysmenorrhea (Painful Periods) 😖 -Amenorrhea (Absent Periods) 🚫 -Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) 🎢 -Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) 😱 -Irregular Periods 🔄 -Heavy Menstrual Bleeding 💧
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Dysmenorrhea (Painful Periods)
😖 * Severe menstrual cramps * Can be primary or secondary * Causes: Hormonal imbalances Uterine fibroids Endometriosis
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Amenorrhea (Absent Periods) 🚫
No menstruation for 3+ months * Types: Primary (never started) Secondary (stopped after regular cycles) * Causes: Pregnancy Extreme weight changes Hormonal disorders Stress Excessive exercise
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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) 🎢
Emotional & physical symptoms * Occurs before menstruation * Symptoms: Mood swings Bloating Breast tenderness Headaches Food cravings
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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) 😱
Severe form of PMS * Intense emotional symptoms * Requires 5+ specific symptoms * More debilitating than PMS
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Irregular Periods 🔄
Unpredictable cycle length * Causes: Hormonal imbalances PCOS Thyroid issues Stress Significant weight changes
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Heavy Menstrual Bleeding 💧
Excessive blood loss * Potential causes: Hormonal imbalances Uterine fibroids Polyps Endometriosis
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EGOCENTRISM
Definition: * Inability to see perspective outside one's own * Thinking world revolves around oneself
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Sternberg’s Triangle of Love
THE THREE COMPONENTS 🔺 Intimacy 🤗 * Emotional connection * Warmth * Closeness * Sharing deep feelings * Feeling supported Passion 🔥 * Physical attraction * Sexual desire * Romantic excitement * Physiological arousal * Intense emotional experience Commitment 🤝 * Rational decision to maintain relationship * Long-term dedication * Choosing to stay together * Weathering challenges * Mutual support
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LOVE COMBINATIONS 💕
Liking (Intimacy Only) * Close friendship * No romantic/sexual tension Infatuation (Passion Only) * Physical attraction * No deep emotional connection * Short-term excitement Companionate Love (Intimacy + Commitment) * Deep friendship * Long-term partnership * Lack of sexual passion Romantic Love (Intimacy + Passion) * Strong emotional & physical connection * Lacks long-term commitment * "Burning bright, then flickering out" Fatuous Love (Passion + Commitment) * Quick commitment * Passionate but shallow * Like whirlwind marriages Consummate Love (All Three!) 💯 * Complete love * Intimate * Passionate * Committed * Ideal relationship goal
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STAGES OF EGOCENTRISM 📊
Childhood Egocentrism * Can't understand others' viewpoints * Believe everyone thinks like them * Piaget's Preoperational Stage * Example: Hiding by covering eyes Adolescent Egocentrism 👦👧 * "Imaginary Audience" phenomenon * Believe everyone is watching/judging them * "Personal Fable" - feeling uniquely special * Think they're invincible Adult Egocentrism * Self-centered thinking * Difficulty empathizing * Limited perspective-taking * Challenges in relationships
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HABITUATION 🔁
* Decreased response to repeated stimulus * Brain's way of filtering unnecessary information
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TYPES OF HABITUATION 🧩
Sensory Habituation * Reducing response to repeated sounds * Example: Ignoring background noise Cognitive Habituation * Mental adaptation to repeated experiences * Reduces emotional/stress response Developmental Habituation * Infants learn to ignore repetitive stimuli * Helps focus on new/important information EXAMPLES 👀 * Getting used to new smell * Blocking out constant city sounds * Reducing fear response to repeated stimuli
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ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY 🔗
Connecting different pieces of information * Linking memories, sounds, letters * Crucial for learning and recall
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TYPES OF MEMORY IN LATE ADULTHOOD 📊
Retrospective Memory * Remembering past experiences * Remains relatively stable * Long-term memories intact Prospective Memory * Remembering future tasks/intentions * More challenging * Requires more cognitive effort Explicit Memory * Conscious, intentional recall * Declines more significantly * Harder to learn new information Implicit Memory * Unconscious memory * Relatively preserved * "Muscle memory" remains strong
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Different types of Dementia
-ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -VASCULAR DEMENTIA 🩸 -FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA 🧩 -PARKINSON'S DEMENTIA 🚶‍♀️ -WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME 🍺
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ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 🔹
Most common type * Progressive memory loss * Protein buildup in brain * Starts with mild confusion * Ends with complete dependency * Typically 65+ years old
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VASCULAR DEMENTIA 🩸
Caused by reduced blood flow * Stroke-related brain damage * Sudden cognitive changes * Step-wise progression * More common in people with: High blood pressure Diabetes Heart disease
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FRONTOTEMPORAL DEMENTIA 🧩
Affects personality first * Impacts behavior/language * Earlier onset (40-70 years) * Changes in: Social skills Emotional control Decision making
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PARKINSON'S DEMENTIA 🚶‍♀️
Occurs with Parkinson's disease * Slower cognitive decline * Impacts: Thinking speed Memory Problem solving * Movement difficulties
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WERNICKE-KORSAKOFF SYNDROME 🍺
Alcohol-related * Vitamin B1 deficiency * Severe memory problems * Confusion * Potential hallucinations
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Different types of eating disorders
ANOREXIA NERVOSA 🚫 BULIMIA NERVOSA 🌊 BINGE EATING DISORDER 🍔 ORTHOREXIA 🥗
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ANOREXIA NERVOSA 🚫
Physical Characteristics: * Extreme weight loss * Intense fear of gaining weight * Distorted body image * Restrictive eating Psychological Aspects: * High perfectionism * Control issues * Anxiety * Depression
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BULIMIA NERVOSA 🌊
Behavioral Pattern: * Binge eating * Compensatory behaviors * Purging (vomiting/laxatives) * Intense shame cycle Health Consequences: * Electrolyte imbalances * Dental erosion * Digestive problems * Potential heart issues
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BINGE EATING DISORDER 🍔
Characteristics: * Consuming large food quantities * Feeling out of control * Eating when not hungry * Significant emotional distress Psychological Triggers: * Low self-esteem * Depression * Anxiety * Emotional trauma
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ORTHOREXIA 🥗
Obsessive Healthy Eating: * Extreme focus on "pure" foods * Rigid dietary rules * Intense anxiety about food quality * Potential nutritional deficiencies AVOIDANT/RESTRICTIVE FOOD INTAKE 🍲 * Limited food variety * Sensory food sensitivities * Nutritional challenges * Not weight/body image driven RISK FACTORS 🚨 * Genetics * Psychological conditions * Cultural pressures * Trauma history * Perfectionism
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James Garcia’s Identity status theory
FOUR IDENTITY STATUSES 🚀 Identity Diffusion 🌫️ * No commitment * No active exploration * Lacks clear direction * Feels lost/uncertain * Minimal self-understanding Foreclosure 🏡 * Committed without exploration * Accepts family/societal expectations * Limited personal investigation * Following predetermined path * Low self-awareness Moratorium 🔍 * Active exploration * Questioning beliefs * Trying different identities * Experimenting with possibilities * Transitional stage * High anxiety/uncertainty Identity Achievement 🏆 * Explored multiple options * Made personal commitments * Strong sense of self * Confident decisions * Internally defined values * Highest psychological maturity DEVELOPMENTAL PROGRESSION 📊 * Typically moves from: Diffusion Foreclosure Moratorium Achievement
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* Leading causes of death in middle adulthood
cancer heart disease
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