What are the stages of cognitive development?
- Sensory motor: development of schemas, reflexive actions, basic movement, and goal-oriented behavior. No logic.
- Preoperational: symbolic thinking, language, egocentrism.
- Concrete operational: ages 7-11. Use of logic and conservation.
- Formal operational: abstract and symbolic thinking, metacognition, hypothetical reasoning.
What are the stages of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg?
- Preconventional: moral reasoning based on reward/punishment.
- Conventional: reasoning based on societal rules and norms.
- Postconventional: reasoning based on own ethics, even if it contradicts society.
What are the three parts of personality in psychodynamic theory?
- Id: all basic needs and desires - pleasure principle.
- Ego: logic - reality principle. Mediates between id and superego.
- Superego: representation of all of societal rules and expectations.
What are the stages of psychosexual development?
- Oral: pleasure from mouth.
- Anal: focus on defecation.
- Phallic: discovery of genitals, connection with parent of opposite gender.
- Latency: sexual urges leave, ages 6-puberty. Social learning.
- Genital: awareness of sexual urges.
What are the Oedipus and Electra complexes?
Oedipus: son/mother.
Electra: daughter/father.
What concepts are associated with Carl Jung?
Collective and personal unconsciousness, persona, animus/anima, extravert/introvert.
What are key concepts of Alfred Adler’s theory?
Compensation, inferiority complex.
What are Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of man?
- Trust vs mistrust.
- Autonomy vs shame and doubt.
- Initiative vs guilt.
- Industry vs inferiority.
- Identity vs role confusion.
- Intimacy vs isolation.
- Generativity vs stagnation.
- Ego identity vs despair.
What is a key principle of humanistic psychology?
Unconditional positive regard.
What are the Big Five personality traits?
- Extraversion: warmth, approachability.
- Agreeableness: trust, altruism, sympathy.
- Conscientiousness: dutifulness, achievement, discipline.
- Emotional stability: anxiety, anger, depression, vulnerability.
- Openness: imagination, emotionality, intellect, art.
What is the MMPI?
True/false test for personality.
What are the Rorschach and TAT tests?
Rorschach: inkblot test for personality.
TAT: picture prompts, subject tells story.
What are defensive coping mechanisms?
- Denial: rejecting the truth.
- Displacement: negative feelings are redirected to an easier target.
- Projection: putting own feelings on someone else.
- Rationalization: attempt to justify own feelings/actions.
- Reaction formation: doing opposite of what is felt.
- Repression: ignoring the truth.
- Sublimation: putting stress into something positive.
What are the stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
- Alarm.
- Resistance.
- Exhaustion.
What are five sources of extreme stress?
- Unemployment.
- Divorce.
- Bereavement.
- Natural or manmade disasters.
- Combat/attacks.
What is conversion disorder?
Psychological crisis manifests itself as physical symptoms.
What is hypochondriasis?
Excessive fear that one has a serious illness even though they’re okay.
What is Munchausen’s syndrome?
Hurting yourself for attention.
What are the clusters of personality disorders?
Cluster A: ‘weird’ (Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal).
Cluster B: ‘wild’ (Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic).
Cluster C: ‘worried’ (Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive).
What are the types of schizophrenia?
- Disorganized schizophrenia: disorganized behavior and speech, inappropriate behaviors.
- Paranoid schizophrenia: delusions and regular hallucinations about a perceived threat.
- Catatonic schizophrenia: disturbed motor behavior.
- Undifferentiated schizophrenia: type that doesn’t fit in a specific category.
What is stress-inoculation therapy?
Trains to cope with stress by learning better self-talk.
What is rational-emotive therapy?
Therapist challenges negative beliefs about oneself.
What are antipsychotics?
Decrease dopamine reception.
What is akathisia?
Side effect causing compulsive movements.
