amh 2020 > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Whiskey Rebellion (1794)?

A

Western farmers rebelled against whiskey tax. Washington sent troops to stop it.

Proved the new government could enforce laws (unlike under Articles of Confederation)

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2
Q

What was established by the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

A

Judicial review = Supreme Court can declare laws unconstitutional.

Most important court case in U.S. history.

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3
Q

What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase (1803)?

A

Jefferson bought Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S.

Problem: Constitution didn’t say president could buy land.

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4
Q

What were the two main political parties that emerged during this period?

A
  • Federalists (Hamilton, Adams): Strong federal government, pro-business, pro-Britain
  • Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson, Madison): Limited federal power, pro-France, states’ rights
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5
Q

What were the causes and results of the War of 1812?

A
  • Causes: British impressment of sailors, wanting Canada
  • Result: Stalemate (Treaty of Ghent restored pre-war conditions), increased American nationalism
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6
Q

What was the Market Revolution?

A

Shift from self-sufficient farming to commercial economy.

People started producing goods to sell, not just for themselves.

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7
Q

What was the Transportation Revolution?

A
  • Erie Canal (1825): Connected Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean, made shipping cheaper
  • Railroads: Started 1830s, faster than canals
  • Steamboats: Made river travel faster/easier
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8
Q

What was the Lowell System?

A

Young farm women worked in textile mills, lived in boarding houses.

Initially temporary before marriage, but conditions worsened over time.

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9
Q

What were the three parts of the American System proposed by Henry Clay?

A
  • High tariffs to protect American manufacturing
  • National Bank to stabilize currency
  • Internal improvements (roads, canals) funded by federal government
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10
Q

What was the Missouri Compromise (1820)?

A

Missouri applied as slave state; Maine became free state; slavery banned north of 36°30’ line in Louisiana Purchase territory.

Temporarily solved slavery expansion issue.

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11
Q

What did Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828 signify?

A

Election of the ‘common man’ as president, expanded democracy for white men.

Eliminated property requirements for voting.

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12
Q

What was the Nullification Crisis?

A

South Carolina tried to nullify federal tariff; Jackson threatened military force.

Compromise reached but highlighted North-South tensions.

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13
Q

What was the Indian Removal Act (1830)?

A

Forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi.

Led to the Trail of Tears, where thousands died.

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14
Q

What was the Cotton Kingdom?

A

Dominated Southern economy; cotton became most valuable U.S. export.

Increased slavery; by 1860, there were 4 million enslaved people.

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15
Q

What were the major slave resistance methods?

A
  • Breaking tools
  • Working slowly
  • Running away
  • Rebellions (rare but terrifying to whites)
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16
Q

What were the proslavery arguments?

A
  • Religious: ‘God ordained slavery’
  • Racial: Claimed Black people were inferior
  • Economic: ‘Necessary for Southern economy’
  • ‘Positive good’: Claimed slavery helped enslaved people
  • Paternalism: Slaveholders as ‘father figures’
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17
Q

What was the Second Great Awakening?

A

Religious revival movement emphasizing personal choice and reform.

Led to many social reform movements.

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18
Q

What was the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)?

A

First women’s rights convention.

Demanded property rights, education, and voting rights (suffrage).

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19
Q

What was Manifest Destiny?

A

Belief that the U.S. was destined by God to expand across the continent.

Justified taking Native American and Mexican land.

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20
Q

What was the Fugitive Slave Act (1850)?

A

Required Northerners to return escaped slaves; denied them a jury trial.

Increased abolitionist sentiment.

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21
Q

What was the significance of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)?

A
  • Black people aren’t citizens (can’t sue)
  • Congress can’t ban slavery in territories
  • Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional
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22
Q

What were Lincoln’s goals during the Civil War?

A
  • Preserve the Union
  • End slavery (later in the war)
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23
Q

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

A

Freed slaves ONLY in Confederate-held territory.

Made the war about ending slavery and allowed Black soldiers in the Union army.

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24
Q

What were the three phases of Reconstruction?

A
  • Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867) - Lenient toward former Confederates
  • Congressional/Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877) - More protection for freedpeople
  • End of Reconstruction (1877) - Compromise of 1877
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25
What did the 13th Amendment accomplish?
Abolished slavery.
26
What did the 14th Amendment accomplish?
Granted citizenship to all born or naturalized in the U.S. ## Footnote Included protections for Black rights.
27
What event marked the end of Reconstruction?
Compromise of 1877
28
What did the 13th Amendment accomplish?
Abolished slavery
29
What rights were granted by the 14th Amendment?
Citizenship to all born in U.S., equal protection under the law, due process
30
What does the 15th Amendment prohibit?
Denial of voting rights based on race
31
What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?
To help former slaves with education, food, healthcare, and legal help
32
What was a major goal of African Americans during Reconstruction?
Land ownership
33
What were 'Carpetbaggers'?
Northerners who moved South, seen as opportunists by Southerners
34
Define 'Scalawags'.
White Southerners who supported Republicans
35
What is 'Sharecropping'?
Tenant farming system where freedpeople farmed land and gave a share of the crop to the landowner
36
What organization used violence to intimidate Black voters?
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
37
True or False: Reconstruction was successful in achieving lasting equality for African Americans.
False
38
What was the legacy of Reconstruction?
Jim Crow system replaced slavery, segregation became law
39
What did the Missouri Compromise of 1820 establish?
Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and the 36°30' line
40
What was a significant outcome of the Compromise of 1850?
California was admitted as a free state, and the Fugitive Slave Act was enacted
41
What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 lead to?
Repeal of the Missouri Compromise and violence known as 'Bleeding Kansas'
42
What was established by the Dred Scott decision of 1857?
Black people are not citizens and Congress cannot ban slavery in territories
43
What was the main focus of the Emancipation Proclamation?
To free slaves in Confederate territory
44
List the key battles of the Civil War.
* Fort Sumter: War starts * Antietam: Led to Emancipation * Gettysburg: Turning point * Appomattox: Lee surrenders to Grant
45
What were the three phases of Reconstruction?
* Presidential (Johnson): Lenient, Black Codes * Radical: Military districts, Black voting * End (1877): Compromise, troops withdrawn, white supremacy restored
46
What factors contributed to the failure of Reconstruction?
* No land redistribution * Northern support faded * Violence and intimidation * Federal government stopped enforcing laws
47
What was a key feature of Jackson's presidency?
The Bank War: Destroyed the Second Bank
48
What was the impact of the Cotton Gin on slavery?
Increased the demand for slavery
49
What major reform movement occurred during the 19th century?
Second Great Awakening: Religious revival
50
Fill in the blank: The _______ was the first women's rights convention.
Seneca Falls (1848)
51
Who were prominent abolitionists?
* William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator) * Frederick Douglass
52
What event marked the start of the Civil War?
Fort Sumter ## Footnote Fort Sumter is significant as it was the site of the first shots fired in the Civil War.
53
Which battle led to the Emancipation Proclamation?
Antietam ## Footnote The battle of Antietam was crucial as it provided the Union with a strategic victory that allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
54
What was the turning point of the Civil War?
Gettysburg ## Footnote The Battle of Gettysburg is often considered the turning point due to the significant defeat of Confederate forces.
55
Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant?
Appomattox ## Footnote The surrender at Appomattox Court House effectively ended the Civil War.
56
What did the 13th Amendment accomplish?
Ended slavery ## Footnote The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States.
57
What does the 14th Amendment guarantee?
Citizenship + equal protection ## Footnote The 14th Amendment provides a broad definition of citizenship and guarantees equal protection under the law.
58
What rights does the 15th Amendment protect?
Voting rights (race, NOT gender) ## Footnote The 15th Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race.
59
What characterized the Presidential phase of Reconstruction?
Lenient, Black Codes restricted freedpeople ## Footnote This phase was marked by President Johnson's lenient policies and the implementation of Black Codes in Southern states.
60
What was a key feature of the Radical phase of Reconstruction?
Military districts, Black voting ## Footnote The Radical phase involved dividing the South into military districts to enforce laws and protect the rights of Black voters.
61
What ended the Reconstruction period in 1877?
Compromise, troops withdrawn, white supremacy restored ## Footnote The Compromise of 1877 led to the withdrawal of federal troops and the end of Reconstruction efforts.
62
What was the purpose of the Freedmen's Bureau?
Helped former slaves ## Footnote The Freedmen's Bureau was established to assist freed slaves in transitioning to freedom.
63
What did sharecropping do to Black people?
Kept them in debt/poverty ## Footnote Sharecropping often led to a cycle of debt for Black families, trapping them in poverty.
64
What was the role of the KKK during Reconstruction?
Terrorist violence against Black voters ## Footnote The Ku Klux Klan engaged in violent acts to intimidate Black voters and maintain white supremacy.
65
Define carpetbaggers.
Northerners who moved South ## Footnote Carpetbaggers were often perceived as opportunists seeking to exploit the South's post-war economy.
66
What are scalawags?
Southern whites who supported Republicans ## Footnote Scalawags were Southern whites who aligned with the Republican Party during Reconstruction.
67
Name a reason why Reconstruction failed.
No land redistribution ## Footnote The lack of land redistribution was a significant factor in the failure of Reconstruction to bring about lasting change.
68
What contributed to the failure of Reconstruction?
Northern support faded ## Footnote As Northern interest in Reconstruction diminished, efforts to protect the rights of freedpeople weakened.
69
What were the effects of violence and intimidation during Reconstruction?
Undermined Black voting ## Footnote Violence and intimidation by groups like the KKK severely limited Black participation in elections.
70
What did the federal government do regarding laws during Reconstruction?
Stopped enforcing laws ## Footnote The federal government gradually ceased enforcing Reconstruction laws, allowing Southern states to enact discriminatory practices.
71
What was the Bank War?
Destroyed Second Bank ## Footnote The Bank War was a political struggle that led to the dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States.
72
What was the Indian Removal Act?
Trail of Tears, ignored Supreme Court ## Footnote The Indian Removal Act led to the forced relocation of Native Americans, resulting in the tragic Trail of Tears.
73
What was the Nullification Crisis?
South Carolina tried to reject tariff ## Footnote The Nullification Crisis was a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over tariff laws.
74
What is the Spoils System?
Gave jobs to supporters ## Footnote The Spoils System refers to the practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs.
75
What impact did the cotton gin have on slavery?
MORE slavery needed ## Footnote The invention of the cotton gin increased the demand for slave labor in the South.
76
How many enslaved individuals were there by 1860?
4 million ## Footnote By 1860, the enslaved population in the United States reached approximately 4 million.
77
What was Nat Turner's Rebellion?
Led to harsher slave codes ## Footnote Nat Turner's Rebellion in 1831 resulted in increased restrictions and harsher laws against enslaved people.
78
What was the proslavery argument?
Called it 'positive good' ## Footnote Proslavery advocates argued that slavery was beneficial for both the enslaved and the economy.
79
What was the significance of the Erie Canal?
Connected Great Lakes to Atlantic ## Footnote The Erie Canal facilitated trade and transportation, boosting the economy by linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
80
What did the factory system at Lowell mills use?
Young women ## Footnote The Lowell mills employed young women, marking a significant development in the labor force during the Industrial Revolution.
81
What was the American System proposed by Henry Clay?
Tariffs, bank, internal improvements ## Footnote The American System aimed to promote economic growth through protective tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure improvements.
82
What was the Second Great Awakening?
Religious revival ## Footnote The Second Great Awakening was a significant religious revival movement in the early 19th century that encouraged social reforms.
83
What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
First women's rights convention, Declaration of Sentiments ## Footnote The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked the beginning of the organized women's rights movement in the United States.
84
Who were notable abolitionists?
* Garrison (The Liberator) * Frederick Douglass ## Footnote Prominent abolitionists like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass played crucial roles in the fight against slavery.
85
What was the temperance movement?
Anti-alcohol ## Footnote The temperance movement sought to reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption due to its perceived negative effects on society.
86
What is a mnemonic for remembering the compromises leading to the Civil War?
Getting progressively worse ## Footnote The series of compromises, such as Missouri (1820) and Kansas-Nebraska (1854), deteriorated over time, ultimately leading to the Civil War.
87
List the constitutional amendments in order related to slavery and voting.
* 13: Slavery DONE * 14: FOR everyone (citizenship) * 15: FIFTEEN = voting ## Footnote These amendments were key in shaping post-Civil War America, addressing issues of slavery and civil rights.
88
How was Andrew Jackson viewed in terms of power?
King Andrew (authoritarian) ## Footnote Jackson's presidency was characterized by strong executive power, leading critics to label him 'King Andrew.'
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