Provides for the election of sectoral representation, including women, in local legislative councils.
1987 Constitution
Allows for the creation of women-oriented or women-based parties under the party-list system.
Women are among the nine sectors identified in the law.
Party List Law
Covers issues such as night work prohibition.
Requires employers to provide special facilities for women.
Prohibits discrimination against women in terms of employment, marriage, or working conditions.
Labor Code (1989)
Promotes the integration of women as equal partners of men in development and nation-building.
Allocates government resources to support programs for women.
Encourages women’s participation in development and aims to remove gender bias in government procedures.
Mandates all agencies to allocate 5–30% of development funds for gender mainstreaming.
Women in Nation Building Law (Republic Act 7192, 1991)
Women in Nation Building Law (Republic Act 7192, 1991)
1988 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law
Gives representation to women in the Social Security Commission.
Republic Act 7688 (1994)
Declares sexual harassment in employment, education, or training environments as unlawful.
Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (RA 7877, 1995)
Provides assistance to women engaging in micro and cottage business enterprises.
Provides assistance to women engaging in micro and cottage business enterprises.
Expands the definition of rape, reclassifying it as a crime against persons instead of against chastity.
Republic Act 8353 (1997)
Women’s right to vote in the Philippines was granted in
1937
Proposes that men have stronger sex drives and are biologically motivated to pursue women.
Natural/Biological Theory
Based on the idea that gender-based role expectations influence behavior at work.
Men bring traditional views of women (as subordinates or sexual objects) into the workplace.
When women enter male-dominated fields, they are often perceived through gendered expectations, not professional roles.
Sex Role Spillover Theory
Attributes sexual harassment to power and hierarchy in organizations.
Individuals in higher positions often exploit authority relationships for sexual advantage.
Organizational Theory
This approach focuses on both the productive and reproductive role of women with an emphasis on satisfaction of basic needs and the productivity of women. A key operational strategy required access to income generation and waged employment. The tendency with this approach was to reinforce the basic needs and ignore the strategic needs of women.
The Anti-Poverty Approach
approach aims to have increased production and economic growth with an emphasis on full use of human resources. Advocates of this approach argue that gender analysis makes good economic sense.
The Efficiency Approach
approach is to increase the self-reliance of women and to influence change at the policy, legislative, societal, economic, and other levels to their advantage. Its main strategy is awareness-raising and situates women firmly as active participants in ensuring change takes place.
