1
Q
The amount of time it would take to receive the same Effective Dose from nature as the dose applied in that specific situation
A
Background Equivalent Radiation Time
2
Q
All the following are Ionizing radiation types
A
- gamma rays
- UV rays
- X-rays
3
Q
How much dose per year does the average US resident get from Radon
A
2.0 mSv
4
Q
How much Medical Radiation exposure does the average person get per year
A
2.3 mSv
5
Q
Match the following quantities with their respective description:
An attempt to provide a quantity that is a measure of general harm in humans
A
Effective Dose
6
Q
Match the following quantities with their respective description:
Amount of ionization produced in air when ionizing radiation is present
A
Exposure
7
Q
Match the following quantities with their respective description:
Amount of energy that is deposited in a material per unit mass of the material
A
Absorbed Dose
8
Q
Who is directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of an ALARA program?
A
Radiation Safety Officer
9
Q
Children are at approximately _________ times greater risk for cancer in adulthood compared to an average adult
A
3
10
Q
How much Man-made radiation does the average person get per year?
A
0.1 mSv
11
Q
Name 3 team members who would be apart of the team concept
A
physcians, radiographers, nurses
12
Q
The transfer of energy from one location to another
A
Radiation
13
Q
Effective protective action takes _________
and _________ factors into consideration
A
-Human
-Environmental
14
Q
All the following are responsibilities for an effective radiation safety program except
A
Not maintaining an effective radiation safety program
15
Q
What type of radiaiton is always present in the environment
A
Natural sources
16
Q
TRUE OR FALSE?
Not all facilities providing imaging services need to have an effective radiation safety program
A
False
17
Q
Please match the following Quantities with their respective dose type:
Exposure=
A
mR
18
Q
Please match the following Quantities with their respective dose type:
Effective Dose=
A
mSv
19
Q
Please match the following Quantities with their respective dose type:
Absorbed Dose=
A
mGy
20
Q
Main goal of this concept is to raise awareness to non-radiation workers the importance of radiation doses in children
A
Alliance for Radiation Safety in Pediatric Imaging
21
Q
Defined as the possibility of inducing adverse biologic effects, like injury to skin or induction of cancer/defects after an exposure
A
Risk in medical imaging
22
Q
This concept provides the basis for deciding whether an imaging procedure is practiced or justified
A
Diagnostic Efficacy
23
Q
TRUE OR FALSE?
Patient education does not make a patient feel involved in their own decisions and has no impact on their feelings around healthcare
A
False
24
Q
Match the following equivalent dose with its Biologic Effect:
1.5
A
Nausea & Diarrhea
25
Match the following equivalent dose with its Biologic Effect:
3.0
50% chance of death
26
Match the following equivalent dose with its Biologic Effect:
0.25
Blood Changes
27
Match the following equivalent dose with its Biologic Effect:
2.5
Temporary Sterility
28
Which dose type takes into account the amount of absorbed dose that is received, radiation type, and what organ/system is radiated?
Effective Dose
29
TRUE OR FALSE?
Radiation ONLY effects specific organs and will not effect organ systems in the long term sense
False
30
The greatest intensity of cosmic radiation is at what type of altitudes
high
31
What is the RBE of diagnostic x-rays?
1
32
The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that:
Radiosensitivity increases with proliferation
33
Is tissue more or less sensitive to radiation when irradiated in the oxygenated state than when it is without oxygen?
More Sensitive
34
The Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau relates to which of the following:
Radiosensitivity and cellular differentitation
35
Stem cells are more radiosensitive, mature cells are more radioresistant
True
36
Which of the following is a part of the law of Bergonie & Tribondeau?
Stem cells are radiosensitive
37
Protein makes up ________% of cellular content
15
38
Which mitosis phase involves the chromatids to form a "V" shape?
Anaphase
39
When LET _______ the chance of a significant biologic response increases
Increases
40
Ionizing radiation can be classified as ________
or __________
direct or indirect
41
What is the survival time of Lymphocytes?
24 hours
42
True or False?
The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau says that 2 german scientists discovered that radioresistance was a function of the metabolic state of tissues being radiated
False
43
a single dose of __________ can cause permanent sterility
5 Gy
44
The law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that the radiosensitivity of living tissue varies with maturation and metabolism
True
45
True or False?
"Programmed cell death" is not spontaneous in occurance?
False
46
The response of tissue to radiation is principally a function of which of the following?
Dose
47
As LET increases, RBE ___________
(Increases or Decreases)
increases
48
Somatic cells divide and undergo ________
while genetic cells undergo _________
-Mitosis
-meiosis
49
At low doses of radiation repopulation of the cells can occur
within weeks
50
Male testes contain both mature and immature spermatogonia
True
51
Somatic cells divide and undergo?
Mitosis
52
Radiation-induced damage in tissue:
is greater in the presence of oxygen
53
The least sensitive time in life to radiation exposure is which of the following?
adulthood
54
Stem cells are more radiosensitive, mature cells are more radioresistant
True
55
Please match the following terms with the appropriate definition:
Measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
56
Please match the following terms with the appropriate definition:
If the radiation dose is delivered continuously but at a lower
Protraction
57
Please match the following terms with the appropriate definition:
If the radiation dose is delivered at the same dose, but in 12 equal fractions separated by 24 hours
Fractionation
58
Please match the following terms with the appropriate definition:
Tissue is more radiosensitive to radiation when irradiated in the oxygenated state then when under anoxic or hypoxic state
Oxygen Effect
59
Please match the following terms with the appropriate definition:
The ratio of a standard radiation dose to produce the same response as that following a test radiation dose
Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE)
60
In a mature women permanent sterility can be caused with a dose of _________ Gy
5
61
What is the purpose of Meiosis?
Reproduction
62
What types of cells are free moving?
Leukocytes
63
A human lethal dose is generally ___________ without treatment from higher medical interventions
3 - 4 Gy
64
When an irradiated cell dies before the next mitosis, this is called:
interphase death
65
Carbohydrates make up approximately what percentage of cell content?
1
66
Mature cells divide very rapily
False
67
LET is useful for expressing radiation:
Quality
68
The LET, OER, and RBE are interrelated. Therefore, which of the following statements are true?
Diagnostic x-rays are considered low LET and RBE, but high OER
69
Dose protraction relates principally to which of the following?
Dose rate
70
LET is calculated by dividing ________ by __________
-Total energy deposited in tissue
-total length of the path
71
What describes the measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissues?
Linear Energy Transfer
72
LET is measured in which of the following?
KeV/um
73
Diagnostic x-rays have an RBE of:
1
74
The OER:
is highest for low LET radiation
75
True or False?
Ova cells continuously divide
False
76
What are the two main categories of radiation induced responses of serious concern for humans?
Stochastic and deterministic
77
What supports the premise that "each patient gets the right exam, at the right time, with the right radiation dose"
Food and drug administration, the white paper
78
All of the following are Late tissue reactions
Cataract
Leukemia
Organ Atrophy
79
Diagnostic x-ray is based off a _______ approach
holistic
80
True or False?
Cumulative Effective Dose Limit includes internal and external exposure
True
81
Air gap technique is an increase in what?
OID
82
Air Gap Technique is equivalent to what grid radio?
8:1
83
Please match the following exposure with its equivalent dose limits:
Public - Lens of the eye
15 mSv
84
Please match the following exposure with its equivalent dose limits:
Entire gestation of embryo & fetus
5 mSv
85
Please match the following exposure with its equivalent dose limits:
Occupational dose to skin, hands, and feet
500 mSv
86
Please match the following exposure with its equivalent dose limits:
Educational & Training annual effective dose limit
1 mSv
87
Please match the following exposure with its equivalent dose limits:
Annual Occupational Exposure
50 mSv
88
_______________ can be used to estimate surface skin dose
Thermoluminscent Dosimeter
89
Radiation received by a patient is presented in all the following ways except?
Equivalent Dose
90
All of the following are organizations responsible for evaluating the relationship between radiation equivalent dose and biologic effects
-ICRP
-NCRP
-NRC-BEIR
91
A high quality image with appropriate technical factor selection includes all of the following
-Appropriate contrast levels
-minimal amount of distortion
-sufficient brightness
92
Who reviews regulations formulated by the ICROP and decides ways to include those recommendations
NCRP
93
How can we compensate for involuntary motion?
Decrease exposure time
94
In 2019, the AAPM issued a position statement regarding what concept?
Gonadal Shielding and fetal shielding
95
What describes the ratio of the risk of stochastic effects attributable to irradiation of a given organ or tissue to the total risk when the whole body is uniformly irradiated
Tissue Weighting Factor
96
What does ALARA stand for?
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
97
The center for devices and radiological health is a subdivision of
FDA
98
Average repeat rates in digital systems is?
5%
99
What is the recommended annual effective dose limit for occupationally exposed people?
50 mSv
100
True or False?
Incorrect technical factors should be fixed with postprocessing tools
False
101
True or False?
Genetic effects do not vary from male to female
False
102
Future radiation protection standards are based on
Risk
103
the ALARA principle was set into effect in what year?
1954
104
How is lifetime Effective Dose calculated?
age in years x's 10 mSv
105
In order to reduce patient exposure while keeping quality images we must ________ kVp by ________
with an appropriate __________ in mAs.
-increase
-15%
-decrease
106
The main responsibilities of a radiation safety program officer includes all the following
-Delegate operation funds in the budget
-Provide the equipment needed for starting and continuing the program
-Oversee the development of policies and procedures
107
True or False?
The code of standards for x-ray equipment regulates the x-ray user and the equipment
False
108
What type of relationship exists between radiation dose and biologic response?
linear, nonthreshold
109
How is the inverse square law expressed?
I1 / I2 = D2 2/ D1 2
110
________ emerges directly from x-ray tube collimators & moves without deflection towards a wall, door, viewing window, etc.
Primary Radiation
111
The exposure switch on a mobile unit should allow the radiographer to be _______ from the primary beam
2 m
112
Cumulative lifetime effective dose limits is expressed how
10mSv x's years in age
113
The patient is a source of scatter radiation due to what effect?
Compton Interaction
114
At a distance of 1 m from an xray tube target, the dose rate measured by a radiation survey meter was 4.5 mGy per hour. What would that instrument read if it were moved back an extra 3 m
0.28 mGy
115
What poses the most significant occupational hazard?
Scatter Radiation
116
Some states require `warning lights` that are conspicuous near the door to the examination room from any corridor
True
117
When standing behind an appropriate control panel the technologist exposure should not exceed a max dose of ______ per week
1 mSv
118
Please match the following use factor recommendations with the appropriate primary barrier type:
Occasional Use
Ceilings
119
Please match the following use factor recommendations with the appropriate primary barrier type:
Partial Use
Doors and walls not exposed routinely
120
Please match the following use factor recommendations with the appropriate primary barrier type:
Full use
Floors, doors, and walls exposed routinely
121
NCRP says the annual occupational effective dose should be?
50 mSv
122
True or False?’
A qualified radiologist determines the exact lead requirements for a particular facility?
False
123
Workload is expressed units of _______
mAs/week
124
The monthly equivalent dose to a fetus should not exceed
0.5 mSv
125
True or False?
Image contrast and brightness can be manipulated postprocessing
True
126
Protection from radiation=
WxUxT
127
True or False?
The best protection during c-arm procedures is with the tube over the table & the image intensifier under the table
False
128
Early radiologists were known to have?
Radiodermatitis
129
Approximately ______% of radiation induced damage is irreparable
10%
130
Which syndromes latent period lasts for several days?
Gastrointestinal syndrome
131
what term can be used to describe to the shrinkage of organs and other tissues?
Atrophy
132
True or false?
hypoxic cells can be repaired and recover over time
False
133
When biologic effects of radiation occur relatively soon after high doses of radiation the responses are then referred to as?
Early effects
134
True or False?
In reference to female reproductive cells small follicles are most radiosensitive
False
135
True or False?
Some epithelial cells can regenerate before death occurs during GI syndrome
True
136
True or False?
There is no threshold needed for somatic effects to take place
False
137
List the 3 types of acute radiation syndromes:
hematopoietic syndrome
gastrointestinal syndrome
cerebrovascular syndrome
138
Somatic effects can be classified as ________ or _________
early or late
139
Which syndrome requires a dose of 50+ Gy
Cerebrovascular syndrome
140
List 2 regulatory agencies
EPA (Environmental protection agency)
FDA (Food and Drug administration)
rad bio
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