1
Q
comparative politics
A
the study of the similarities and differences in political developments among two or more countries
2
Q
Mill’s method of agreement
A
comparing cases with different attributes but shared outcomes
3
Q
Mill’s method of difference
A
comparing cases with same attributes but different outcomes
4
Q
state
A
organization with a monopoly of violence over a territory; Weber
5
Q
regime
A
set of formal/informal rules and norms that define where power is located and how it is used
6
Q
government
A
the set of leaders in charge of running the state
7
Q
state scope
A
different functions/goals taken on by a government
8
Q
state capacity
A
a state’s ability to plan/implement policies and enforce rules
9
Q
brown areas
A
areas within an otherwise strong state where the government’s capacity is weak; O’Donnell
10
Q
protection racket
A
a group creates a threat and then offers protection from the threat at some expense; Mexican drug cartels
11
Q
Bellicist model of state building
A
war and violence is critical for developing nations; Tilly
12
Q
sovereignty
A
the right of a nation or group of people to self-govern
13
Q
warlord
A
local military rulers who exert control over armed groups
14
Q
Houthis
A
opposition movement to the former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh for his financial corruption
15
Q
limited war
A
a war fought with limited resources and objectives
16
Q
protection pact
A
two or more parties agree to provide eachother mutual protection
17
Q
central provident fund (CPF)
A
mandatory social security savings scheme for citizens/permanent residents in Singapore
18
Q
asceticism
A
protestant principle renouncing physical comforts in the pursuit of greater spiritual fulfillment; Weber; leads to capitalism
19
Q
exclusive economic institution
A
extracts income/wealth from one subset of society to benefit another subset of that society
20
Q
inclusive economic institution
A
people can make their own rules and participate in the economic system freely
21
Q
reversal of fortunes
A
countries that were wealthy before European colonization have often become poorer and countries that were poor before European colonization and often richer; Acemoglu and Robinson
22
Q
modernization theory
A
all countries move through a singular, linear path toward development; Przeworski
23
Q
Rostow’s stages of development
A
a model of economic development that describes a country’s progression through five stages
24
Q
relative backwardness
A
countries that develop later are at an advantage because they can use modern technology to progress; Gerschenkron
25
dependency theory
peripheral countries cannot develop without isolating from the core
26
core country
the most industrialized, technologically advanced, and economically dominant nations that can shape international relations in their favor
27
periphery country
less developed nation that plays a smaller role in the global economy and has lack of industrialization
28
newly industrialized country
a nation undergoing rapid economic growth; transitions from agrarian-based economy to a more industrialized one
29
East Asian Tigers
a set of high performing economies in East Asia that grew rapidly from the 70s-90s; Singapore
30
developmental state
a state that manipulates/guides economic policy to achieve economic development
31
import substitution industrialization (ISI)
replacing foreign goods with domestically produced industrial goods; Chile
32
export oriented industrialization
focuses on producing goods/services for export to boost economic growth by integrating into the global market
33
neoclassical economics
focuses on supply and demand as the driving forces behind production, pricing, and consumption of goods/services
34
comparative advantage
ability to produce a good/service at a lower opportunity cost than competitors
35
chaebol
large, family-controlled conglomerates in South Korea that propelled much of the country's industrial growth
36
Salvador Allende
Chile's first socialist president elected under an absolute majority system
37
Washington consensus
a set of economic policy recommendations, emphasis on:
1. fiscal discipline
2. free-market reforms
3. privatization
4. trade liberalization
38
Chicago Boys
Chilean economists who advised the Chilean government on a series of policies to liberalize the economy
39
plural democracy
competition between elites and representation via parties
40
polyarchy
a system of democracy where contestation and participation are at its highest; Dahl
41
third wave of democracy
the surge in democratic transitions that have occurred around the world since 1974; Zambia
42
genetic model of democracy
shows that over time a democracy is more likely to be established as a country becomes more developed
43
survival mode of democracy
shows that institutions are more likely to stick as modernization progresses; Przeworski & Limongi
44
omitted variable bias
when a statistical model fails to include one or more relevant variable
45
performance legitimacy
a government's authority/right to rule is derived from its ability to meet the needs of its citizens
46
apartheid
system of institutionalized racial segregation in South Africa from the 1940s to 1990s
47
African National Congress
organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black people of South Africa
48
Nelson Mandela
social rights activist who wanted to end apartheid in South Africa
49
pacted transition
democratic transition in which moderates from a weakened authoritarian regime negotiate the terms of change with moderates of a pro-democracy movement; Spain
50
democratic transition
transition from one form of government to democracy; South Korea
51
democratic consolidation
solidification of the foundation of democracy
52
authoritarianism
exclusive political control/rule by an exclusive political oligarchy; Vietnam
53
monarchical dictatorship
regime led by a monarch who serves as the head of government and state; Saudi Arabia
54
military dictatorship
regime led by military officials, typically following a coup; Egypt
55
dominant party dictatorship
led by a dominant party that always wins elections; Cuba
56
personalistic dictatorship
regime in which a single person has all the power, typically with a cult personality; North Korea
57
problem of authoritarian power sharing
authoritarians will have difficulties controlling their power because they want to rule everything but must distribute to get things done/keep power
58
problem of authoritarian control
the confl ict between a small authoritarian elite in power and the much larger population excluded from power
59
competitive authoritarianism
regime that is democratic in appearance but authoritarian in nature; Levitsky
60
Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
authoritarian party that rules China
61
performance legitimacy
a form of political legitimacy derived from enacting policies which lead to positive material outcomes for citizens
62
consultative authoritarianism
state uses communication channels to collect citizen feedback and policy preferences; China
63
vote of no confidence
a vote that shows that a majority does not support the policy of a leader/governing body; Canada
64
vote of confidence
a vote that determines whether the government has the support of the legislature; Shugart & Carey
65
cohabitation
when the president is from a different party than the majority of parliament; France
66
democratic deconsolidation
gradual erosion of democratic norms, support, practices, and institutions in an otherwise established and long-standing democracy
67
democratic breakdown
in one quick break, a country goes from democratic to autocracy
68
democratic backsliding
gradual process where existing democracies become less democratic
69
executive aggrandizement
when an elected leader expands their own power and weakens institutional checks and balances
70
lame duck effect
an elected official in their final weeks in office can disrupt governance
71
cabinet instability
frequent, short-lived changes in government leadership
72
premier-presidential system
form of government with a dual executive, perform no better than parliamentary governments
73
presidential-parliamentary system
form of government with power sharing between president and prime minister
74
Duverger's Law
single member district plurality systems --> two-party systems
75
mechanical effect
the way votes are translated into seats
76
strategic effect
how the mechanical effect influences the "strategic" behavior of voters
77
proportional representation system
multi-member districts representatives chosen in proportion to number of votes received
78
district magnitude
the number of representatives to be elected to a legislative body in each electoral district
79
majoritarian/plurality electoral system
one representative per district, representatives chosen by majority rule, at least 51% of votes to win majority of legislative seats in two party election
80
alternative vote
form of preferential voting where voters rank candidates by choice
81
descriptive representation
representation of citizen's ascriptive characteristics
82
substantive representation
representation of citizens' policy preferences
83
Citizens United v. FEC
under First Amendment, corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate election cannot be limited
84
political party
a group of people under a common banner field candidates to popularly elected assemblies; Pettitt
85
consociationalism
form of governance which seeks to regulate the sharing of power in a state that comprises diverse societies by allocating these groups specific representation in the political system; Lebanon
86
preferential voting
voter indicates their order of preference for each of the candidates on the ballot; Ireland
87
centripetalism
encourages cross-ethnic and cross-segmental cooperation, creates multi-ethnic parties in divided societies
88
segmented autonomy
delegation of personal status code to individual communities
89
civil society
the sphere of organized, non-governmental, non-violent associations that exist outside of the state, market, and family
90
civic community
communities populated with dense civic associations and characterized by high levels of cooperation and civic engagement
91
social capital
networks of mutual trust and reciprocity developed through interpersonal ties
92
amoral familism
individuals prioritize the short term material interests of their nuclear family
93
uncivil society
set of associations within a civil society that challenge liberal democratic values by promoting exclusivist ideologies
94
Weimar Republic
democratic government of Germany from 1919 to 1933, faced economic issues and political instability
95
Nazi Party
became popular because of the rise of anti-semitic views, economic frustration, and uncivil society
96
Michel's iron law of oligarchy
large organizations will naturally tend towards centralized, elite control
97
bridging social capital
social capital that links individuals across multiple cleavages or categories of difference
98
bonding social capital
social capital that exists among individuals within a single, homogenous community
99
ethnic group
group of people who see themselves as united based on a shared belief in a common ancestry and common ascriptive traits; Kurds in Turkey
100
nation
a group of people linked by unifying traits and the desire to control a territory that is thought of as the group's national homeland
101
primordialism
theory that sees ethnicity as being natural/fixed as having always existed and as defined by kinship, language, or phenotype
102
instrumentalism
theory that sees ethnicity as a device that groups or individuals use to unify, organize, and mobilize populations to achieve larger goals
103
constructivism
theory that sees ethnicity as being created/constructed through social and political processes
104
ethnic entrepreneur
someone who uses ethnicity to achieve something political/economical
105
Hutu
ethnic group in Rwanda who were poor agriculturists
106
Ubureetwa
a system of forced labor, performed as payment for living on a chieftain's land
107
Tutsi
ethnic group in Rwanda who were wealthy pastoralists
108
Arusha Accords
the 1992 accord that failed to end the Rwandan Civil War
109
Interahamwe
youth militia of the MRND used to perpetuate violence against Tutsi during Rwandan genocide
110
ethnic security dilemma
actions taken by an ethnic group to increase its own security cause reactions from other groups, leads to decrease in group's original security
111
intercommunal civil society groups
civil society organizations that group individuals across multiple cleavages/categories of difference
112
intracommunal civil society groups
civil society organizations that group individuals within a single community
113
multiculturism
philosophical theory that encourages the recognition and inclusion of minority groups as a constructive part of nation building, rejects "melting pot" ideal
114
total war
a war fought with total commitment of resources
115
Gamson's law
parties forming a coalition government will get cabinet portfolios proportional to the seats they contribute
116
Structure of contestation
rules of the game by which political leaders set the limits for participation in the political system
POLI 130
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