1
Q
Inductive Reasoning
A
specific observation into general theory, to develop theory
2
Q
Deductive Reasoning
A
general theory into specific observation, to test theory
3
Q
Auguste Comte
A
“father of soc”, coined term, positivist
4
Q
Positivism
A
using natural sci as a model for social sciences, “value-free” results
5
Q
Society as Static
A
social organism with interrelated parts working together, like a body
6
Q
Society as Dynamic
A
society grows through stages over time, can regress
7
Q
Law of 3 Stages
A
theological- explained w supernatural, metaphysical- understanding innate nature and causes, positive - explained w scientific relationship
8
Q
Emile Durkheim
A
deterministic, focused on suicide
9
Q
Determinism
A
social facts (widely accepted norms) determine/control everything
10
Q
Egoistic Suicide
A
lack of social integration, most common, frustrated w individ desires (friendless, unwed)
11
Q
Altruistic Suicide
A
too much social integration, sacrifice self bc of over conformity (Indian suttee, Eskimo elderly, 9/11)
12
Q
Anomic Suicide
A
lack of social regulation, social rules no longer apply (rapid change in life)
13
Q
Fatalistic Suicide
A
too much social regulation, feel it’s’ fated (religious)
14
Q
Psychological Strain
A
2+ stressors pull in opposite directions (trad/modern, cultures, diff between reality & aspiration)
15
Q
Structuralism
A
social structure provides social reality (social facts only, group influences individ)
16
Q
Anomie
A
social dysregulation bc lacking regulatory rules, causes deviance (suicide)
17
Q
Bronislaw Malinovski
A
studied Trobriand Island, says religion was created to give sense of comfort/control when expanding into the unknown
18
Q
Max Weber
A
founder of symbolic interactionism
19
Q
Verstehen
A
Weber’s idea, process of subjective interpretation, researcher should be empathetic, less general and less rational
20
Q
Idea Determinism
A
Weber thinks ideas bring new materials (he’s right - no capitalism in China bc culture)
21
Q
Economic Determinism
A
Marx thinks materials bring new ideas
22
Q
Power
A
ability to make someone do smth they otherwise wouldn’t
23
Q
Legitimate Power
A
power of authority figures, can be rational/legal (cop), traditional (grandpa), or charismatic (cult leader)
24
Q
Illegitimate Power
A
coerced to do smth (rape)
25
Resource Theory of Power
controlling valued resources = power
26
Principle of Least Interest
whoever cares less has more power
27
Herbert Spencer
inspires Social Darwinism, believes in laissez- faire gov bc functionalism/spencericism
28
Social Darwinism
all that exists in society is functional, result of natural selection, hidden forces govern nature/society
29
Malthusianism
falsely believed food will run out bc it grows additively, while pop. grows duplicitacly, need positive/preventative checks on population
30
Jean Calvin
taught Weber about Protestant work ethics and other worldly asceticism (refrain from pleasure here)
31
William Graham Sumner
ascribes to Spencericism, researched how behavior expectations are formed through folkways
32
Norms
Behavior expectation of majority
33
Folkways
cultural differences (manners), not as big of a deal, created bc it's widely shared/accepted as efficient (walking on right)
34
Mores
not against the law, but more important/serious (bikini to class), crucial to well-being of society (abuse, abortion)
35
Ethnocentrism
using your values to judge others' culture bc yours is superior (we all are - functional)
36
Ethos
totality of culture/society, things that distinguish one group from another (customs)
37
Man-Land Ratio
conflicts happen when man/land ratio is high (overcrowded pop)
38
Sumner says masses or classes determine norms?
Classes - upper class, conservative
39
Thorstein Veblen
wrote "Theory of Leisure Class"
40
Conspicuous Consumption/Leisure/Waste
Veblen's ideas of how upper class pursues non-productive activities to show off wealth/time, validates superiority
41
3 Ways To Shape Folkways
Expedient - beneficial, suitable, functional (walk on right) Accepted, Expected - pressure to conform
42
Georg Simmel
studies interaction between individuals by numbers of ppl in group
43
Web of Group Affliction
significance of #'s in socialism, only works in small groups (exact number is important)
44
Equation to Determine People and Relationships
x = (n^2 -n) / 2 (n = # of ppl, x = # of relationships)
45
Roles of 3rd Party in Triad
Meditation, Tertius Gaudens (benefits), Divide and Impera (rule)
46
Reductionism
reducing complex to simple (psychology) (generalizing based on group)
47
Anti-Reductionism
group more important, influential (sociology) (look at big picture)
48
George Herbert Mead
wrote "Mind, Self, and Society", inspired by Weber's ideas of Verstehen to form subj. interp.
49
Subjective Interpretation
people respond to understood meanings of symbols, not "social facts" - like Verstehen said
50
Symbolic Interactionism
focuses on micro-level of human interactions, people's behaviors are active, not passive, behaviors based on subjective interpretation of situation (perception)
51
Looking-glass self
by Charles Horton Cooley, self-conception formed thru how you perceive others are perceiving you (incl. imagining how we appear to others, others' judgments of us, and feelings of self)
52
Karl Marx
father of Communism, believes priv. ownership is root of all evil, social change will come from violent revolution
53
Economic Determinism
social class determines everything (personality, behavior, choices), class determined by property ownership
54
Conflict Theory
conflict is bc of resource scarcity (inequality and self-interestedness), conflict is constant and everything is always changing (socially dynamic)
55
Dialectic Philosophy
everything has its opposite (thesis/anti-thesis), changing is norm! thesis creates anti-thesis, which creates synthesis, creates new anti-thesis, n so on
56
Dialectic/Historical Materialism
Marxist beliefs! society develops in material patterns, seen in societal evolution of civilization
57
Monism
learn history & know present to predict future - Marx believes
57
Marx's Stages of Societal Evolution
Primitive - no class, communal ownership, Slavery - owner/slave, priv. property, Feudal - landlord/peasant, work for rich, Capitalist - bourgeoise/proletariat, owning property or selling own labor, Socialist - no class, collectively owned means of production materials, Communist - no class, affluent materials, no org. division of labor
58
Labor Theory of Value
only labor has value
59
Surplus Value
diff between cost to buy and produce (nike shoes), leads to class exploitation by upper class
60
Iron Law of Wages
don't pay employees too lil/much to avoid revolt
61
Marx 8 Pre-Conditions of Class Revolution
Economic and Political exploitation, Class system polarization, Increase of Material Misery, Alienation and Economic Indispensability of workers, Class consciousness, Capitalism causing repeated Economic Crises
62
Gaeton Mosca
wrote "The Ruling Class", says only oligarchical gov is possible, believes force is necessary - tie into ideology to justify! (propaganda)
63
Mosca says masses infl. elite by...
Advocating for policy change, Membership (or not), Resistance
64
Meritocracy
status based on ability, Mosca says ruling class is more educated, organized, hardworking, strong-willed, confident
65
Mark Engels
co-author "Communist Manifesto", fin. supported Marx
66
Robert Michels
wrote "Political Parties" abt pol. behavior of elites, "power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely"
67
Iron Law of Oligarchy
by Michels, proves Mosca's theory that oligarchy is inevitable in organizations
68
Abraham Maslow
says growth is main human motivation (not avoid frustration/restoring balance), creates hierarchy of needs
69
Hierarchical Theory of Human Needs
Physical, Safety, Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization
70
Vilifredo Pareto
discusses leader types, circulation of elites, system theory
71
Circulation of Elites
people can rise/fall from status (up/downward mobility) but not really accurate bc elites limit competition n push their kids in
72
System Theory
globe as one system (units in state of mutual dependence) like body parts, global industry, one part fails, chain breaks, bigger system is harder to change
73
Equilibrium
balance/homeostasis, maintaining stability between societal classes
74
Lion Leader
forceful, values courage and morality over intelligence, most lead revolutions this way then turn into foxes
75
Fox Leader
sneaky, sly, crafty, encouraged by Capitalist entrepreneurial spirit
76
Exchange Theory
interactions based on economic principles, equal exchange, profit = reward - cost
77
George C. Homans
original founder of Exchange Theory, wrote "Social Behavior as Exchange" in Soc. Journal
78
Peter Blau
contributed to Exchange Theory afterwards, wrote "Exchange and Power in Social Life"
79
Classical Conditioning
stimulus creates a response (ring bell, saliva)
80
Operant Conditioning
response followed by stimulus (bird shocked, food falls)
81
B.F. Skinner
did bird box study (operant conditioning), behavioristic psychologist
82
John Watson
did Little Albert study w fear of rat, conditioning behavior
83
Pavlov
did research with bell ring and dogs (classical conditioning)
84
Libido
innate sexual drive/desires
85
Stages of Expressing Libido
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital, regression/fixation
86
Id
innate instincts at birth
87
Ego
chances of getting away w it, driven by reality, keeps id in check, develops at around 5
88
Superego
morality, develops in adolescence, mediates id and ego
89
Mind Structure Iceberg
conscious: revealed to us, sub/preconscious: right beneath surface, unconscious: concealed to us (dreams as wish fulfillment)
90
Oedipus/Electra Complex
Freud: kids erotic attachment to opp. sex parent, jealous of same-sex parent
91
Psychoanalysis
uncover repressed emotions abt suppressed conflicts to resolve anxiety/present probs
92
Social Reference Theory
every perception is based on a reference, based on social psychology and economics, perceptions differ bc refs differ, everything is relative (social relativity)
93
Structural Functionalism
society is static! everything is functional/structured
94
Conflict Theory
society is dynamic! conflict is constant, everything is always changing
95
Social Relativity
everything is relative, "man is measure of all things" - protagoras
96
Exchange Theory Critiques
assumes hedonism/rationality, hard to measure, doesn't account for symbolic meaning, faulty view of social structure
97
Who are known for being structural functionalists?
Durkheim and Spencer
98
Who are known for being conflict theorists?
Marx and Weber
99
Who are known for being symbolic interactionists?
Mead, Cooley, Weber
100
Who are known for being exchange theorists?
Homans and Blau
101
What's the relationship between symbolic interactionism and social reference theory?
S.R.: Social facts and references = Perception S.I: Subjective Interpretation of Perception creates responses S.I. says ppl respond differently (subj. interp.), S.R. tells us WHY (ref diffs)
102
Structural Functionalism
everything is functional and structured (socially static), whatever doesn't work will eliminate itself
Classical Soc Theory
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