psychoanalytic
(theory)
development and behaviour are the result of connection between inner drives, memories and conflicts that we are unaware of and can’t control
1) Freud’s psychosexual theory - behaviour is driven by unconscious impulses outside awareness
2) Erikson psychosocial theory - focus on the role of social world, society and culture: how well individuals address a crisis and how they can deal with the demand of the next development stage
behaviourist
(theory)
operant conditioning - development and behaviour is influenced by physical and social environments (how people and animals learn new behaviours based on surroundings)
1) behaviourism: examines observable behaviour
2) social learning theory: people actively process informations, and thoughts and feelings influence future behaviour
pavlov’s classical conditioning
behaviourist theory
a person or animal can associate their environmental stimulation with a physiological response
skinner’s operant conditioning
behaviourist theory
behaviour is more or less probable dependent on consequences
Bandura’s social learning theory
1) observational learning: people learn through observing and imitating others
2) reciprocal determinism: people’s development is a result of the interaction between behaviour, characteristics and their physical and social environment
cognitive systems
theory
Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory:
developement and behaviour is a result of thought/cognitiion
children and adults use their ability to think to better understand the environment
cognitive schemas how people categorize what they explore around them
systems
+ a certain theory…
emphasizes the role of social context: people are inseperable from the familial and social context where they live
Bronfenbrenner’s theory: addresses the role of the individual and their social interactions
Maternal characteristics & behaviours
biological and environmental foundations
Nutrition: fetal malnutrition linked with poor growth and vision, speech disabilities
Maternal illness: chickenpox, mumps, measles can produce abnormalities, increase risk of miscarriage, etc.
Emotional wellbeing/stress: domestic violence, discrimination, homelessness
Age: birth complications, low birthweight
Prenatal care: ethnic and SES disparities (lack of insurance, cultural support)
Influences on puberty timing
physical development
peer context - seeking relationships with people simillar to someone
school context - race & ethnicity can influence adults expectations & girls experience with early puberty
genetics
weight & nutrition
stress
SES
consequences of reaching puberty early/late
physical development
- associated with higher risk in early dating abuse
- more discrimination for black girls that mature earlier then peers
synaptic pruning
brain development in infancy and childhood
loss of unused neural connections
snyaptogenesis
brain development in infancy and childhood
formation of new synapses (500% increase from infancy to 2 years old)
parent characteristics - risk factors for child abuse
- poor impulse control, problem solving and communication skills
- lack understanding of child development
- drugs and alcohol
- intamite partner violence (likelihood of abusing the child if the mother is being abused)
Marijuana use in adolescence
majority of people in canada don’t use cannabis, however males think its less harmful then it is
what is the most significant consequence associated with marijuana use in Canada?
brain development: memory, executive functioning, etc.
what are piaget’s concepts
Developmental & sociocultural approaches to cognitive change
children are active explorers who learn by interacting with the world, building their own understanding and applying it to adapt to their environments
what are the 2 elements of piaget’s concepts
1) assimilation: integrating new experiences with a pre-existing scheme
2) accomodation: creating new schemes for experiences that don’t fit with an existing one
what is Vygosky’s sociocultural perspective?
Developmental & sociocultural approaches to cognitive change
we are embedded in a sociocultural context that shapes how we think and who we become
guided participation: a way of sensitive teaching where the ‘partner’ is attuned to the needs of the child
- children learn through social experience
Zone of proximal development
Vygosky’s sociocultural perspective
the gap between a child’s competence level and what they need assistance with
shifts as they internalize scaffolding and can do things on their own (eg: reading a book and asking them to describe something)
scaffolding
help that is tailored to a childs need and enables them to bridge the gap (eg: puzzles)
what are the 3 mental stores of information processing systems
1) sensory
2) working
3) long term
sensory memory
the first step of getting information into the mind (whether info should be processed or considered)
working memory
directs our attention to information
3 components: responsible for manipulating, transforming and recalling information
1) short term store
2) processing
3) control center
improves with the prefrontal cortext
dramaticallly increases between 6-12 months of age
long term memory
recognition memory - ability to recognize a previously encountered stimuli
stores information for a lifetime
eg: episodic memory “what did you do last weekend?”
