1
Q
Physical plant defence
A
2
Q
Chemical plant defense 2 categories
A
- induncible: These are activated only when the plant is attacked or stressed.
- Constitutid:These are always there, even before a plant is attacked
3
Q
Inducible defences
A
- Thorns
- Silicone “glass” in their tissues
- hydrophobic waxy cuticles
- trichomes that protect leaves or house mites that protect the plant
- Gas exchange stomata that close to prevent viruses from entering their system
4
Q
Name two hormones that function in the systemic aquired resistance pathway of plant defense.
A
Methyl salicylate is involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) signaling and is derived from salicylic acid, a key defense hormone.
* Systemin is a signaling molecule involved in systemic defense responses.
5
Q
What is it called when plant cells die at the site of infection?
A
The hypersensitive response
6
Q
Constitutid defences
A
- plants emit chemicals that attract chemicals of the predator
- Oubain disrupts Na+ and K+ pumps and alter cardiac functions in animals, monarch catipillars have evolved a resistance to it
7
Q
there are ___mutations in the monarch Na+ and K+ pump and are assiociated with ___ tolerance, monarch larvae with the tripple ___ mutation survive better/ worse on a milk weed diet
A
3, Oubain, CRIPSER, BETTER
8
Q
Is VSH a DNA or Amino Acid Sequence?
A
Protien sequence
9
Q
Is Ouabain a protein or a chemical?
A
Chemical
10
Q
How do monacrch accumulate oubain?
A
- they bioaccumulate Ouabain from milkweed plants as catipiollars: tjhey can tolerate and sequester it
- Parallel mutations at 3 amino acid positions in the monarch Na+/K+ pump llead to Obain toleranch in mocharch butterflies
- GMO (CRISPER) drosphila with these # AA subsiitutuons tolerate and sequester Oubain
11
Q
Immunity is deiveded into what 2 sections
A
innate and Acquired (Adaptive) immunity
12
Q
Innate immunity
A
- barriers
- leukocytes (in general)
- fever (changing bodys temp causes athogen not to be able to function correctly
- inflimation
- respond to all infections
13
Q
Aquired immunity is split into 2 section
A
hummoral and cell mediated immunity
14
Q
Humoral immunity
A
B lymphocytes produce antibodies that attack pathogens
15
Q
Cedd mediated immunity
A
T lymphocytes attack cells infected eith pathogens
16
Q
Barriers
A
- skin
- breach of skin such as cuts allow pathogens to enter the body
- Airways have physical and chemical barriers, such as mucus and cilliated cells that move upward
- Tears contain lysozyme that kill pathogens
- Ears are lined with hair to trap pathogens
- Nose lined with mucus and hair
- Digestive trct: has saliva and mucus
17
Q
Inflamation caused by cut
A
- capillary widening= increase blood flow that leads to heat
- increased permiability= fluid released into tissues leads to redness and swelling
- attraction of leukocytes= alows white blood cells to leave the blood leads to tenderness
- Synthesis response= fever and profiliation of leukocytes leads to pain
18
Q
Antigen
A
- precense on the surface of any pathogen
- Blood typing is based on what antogens you have on the surface of your blood type
- used to help the immune system recognize which cells are self and which are forien
19
Q
Antigen receptor production
A
- SStart with DNA encoding the light chain
- DNA segments recombine
- Transcription and RNA processing
- Translationresults in a protein w/ a unique amino acid sequence
Antigen is a key that unlocks receptor causing activation
20
Q
Difference btw active b inactive B cell
A
activated has a larger rouh ER to make more protiens
21
Q
T cell activation
A
- t cell receptors bind to peptide presnted on MHC maror histo compatability complex protien on the surface of dendrite cells
- activated CD4 and CD8 t clls multiply and differentiate
dendritic cells cches up pathogen and a piece of the pathogen gets put on the surface MHC1 cells atract CD8 cells and MHC type 2 attract the CD$ cells and then thr lymphocells expand into helper T cells
22
Q
Cell mediated Response
A
- virus infected cells stick out a piece of the virus to tell the cytotoxic t cells to kill the cell by recognizing the aintigen preesentation
- zdirected sectetion
- Apoptosis (killed cel)
23
Q
Autoimmune diseaze
A
body makes lymphocytes that will attack your own cells
24
Q
B cell activation
A
- B cell recognizes invader and diaplays in on the surface
- B cell stimulates helper T cell that binds to the invader that the b cell is presenting
- B cell is activated by helper T cells
- B cell gets to work
25
# Hu
Humoral response
1. opoainization
2. neutralization
3. agglutination
4. co-stimulation of compliment protiens
26
Vaccine
Vaccines take advantageous of immunological memeory to protect against infection
vaccinations contain viral epitopes or weakend viruses, or mRNA for a viral protien examples: smallpox, poliovirus, Hepatitis A and B Mumps, and tetanus
27
Measles virus infection
can diminidh preexisting antibodies that offer protection from other pathogens.
28
Biological "Assigned" sex:
anatomical, pjhysiological and genetic characteristics associated with being male female or intersex (especially external genitalia)
29
Gender idenity
* physiological sense of being male, female, non bianary, etc
30
Sexual orrientation
enduring pattern of attractions to people
31
Sexual behavior
people you have sex with
32
Spermatogenisis
1. spermatogonium (2n) (stem cells) (1)
2. divide by mitosis and turns in tinto primary spermatocytes (2n)
3. meiosis 1 occurs which turns into secondary spermatto cyte (n) two of them
4. meiosis 2 occurs and turn into 4 spermatids
5. finally 4 mature sperm cells produc (n)
* (tiny, very little plasma and organelles)
33
Oogenesis
* oogonium (2n) (1)
* mitosis occurs to make a primary oocyte (2n)(1)
* meiosis 1 turns into 2 secondary oocyte and a polar body (n)
* meiosis 2 makes one ootid and 3 polar bodies that the body gets rid of
* ootid results in mature egg celll (ovum) (n) (1)
34
Oviparity
lays eggs, most invertabrates, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, all birds, monotreme
35
viviparity
birth live: few invertabrates, fishes, amphibians, and most mamals
36
Human male anatomy
* urinary bladder
* seminal vesicle (make bulk of the fluis that makes up semen)
* prostate gland
* bulbourethral gland (
* urethra
* erectile tissue of penis
* vas deferens
* epididymis
* testis
37
Human female anatomy
* oviduct (where fertilization occurs within hours to a day after sexual intercourse)
* ovary
* uterus (egg moves doen a week after fetilization and implants itself, aka pergnancy)
* cervix: dialates when the baby is said to be born
* vagina: birth canal
38
Folicle stimulating hormone
* stimulares folicles or sacks that help eggs attach
* helps sperm production
39
estradial
* targets brests and causes them to grow
* negative feedback
40
lutinizing hormone
testosterone and estrogen production
41
Testosterone
* targets voice box
* negative feedback
42
Folicular phase
1. foramtion of primary ocytes within follicles
2. folicle growth (caused my folice stimulating hormose)
3. maturation of follicle
-estradiol produced in steps 1-3
4. ovulation of seconday oocyte *day 14)
43
Luteal phase
5. formation of corpus luteum
6. degeneration of corpus luteum ( if implantation does not occur)
-progesteone promotes prgnancy
44
If estradiol levels did not rise:
ovulation would not occur
45
What stimulates the CL to be created
46
What decreases the CL
47
HCG
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the placenta shortly after embryo implantation, acting as the primary marker for pregnancy. It sustains the corpus luteum to produce progesterone, supports early fetal development, and is detected via blood or urine tests. HCG levels typically double every 48-72 hours in early pregnancy
(what pregnacy tests test for)
48
uterine lining
* grows with estrogen
* progesterone maintains it
* HCG- prevents corpus luteum from shrinking
49
Predict the effect of a woman taking a daily progesterone pill.
A.
Body slows production of its own sex steroids
B.
Uterine lining would not thicken much
C.
Ovulation would not occur
D.
All of the above
all of the above
50
Based on your knowledge of the menstrual cycle, the “abortion pill” contains:
progesterone receptor agonist
estradiol receptor agonist
progesterone receptor antagonist
estradiol receptor antagonist
C
51
Bio 162
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