final

Question 1

Emperor Napoleon I: French general turned Emperor who conquered most of Europe and established the Napoleonic Code.

Question 2

Battle of Marengo: A 1800 victory against Austria that secured Napoleon’s political power in France.

Question 3

Egyptology: The study of ancient Egypt

Answer 3

sparked by Napoleon’s 1798 campaign and the discovery of the Rosetta Stone.

Question 4

Battle of Trafalgar: 1805 naval defeat for France that ensured British control of the seas and prevented an invasion of England.

Question 5

Battle of Austerlitz: Napoleon’s greatest victory (1805) where he defeated the combined Russian and Austrian third coalition.

Question 6

Invasion of Russia (1812): A disastrous campaign where the “scorched earth” policy and winter destroyed Napoleon’s Grand Army.

Question 7

Elba & St. Helena: The two islands of Napoleon’s exile; Elba was the first (he escaped)

Answer 7

St. Helena was the second (where he died).

Question 8

Nationalism: The belief that people with a shared culture and language should have their own independent nation.

Question 9

Classical Liberalism: Political ideology favoring civil liberties

Answer 9

representative government

Question 10

1848 Revolutions: A wave of failed liberal and nationalistic uprisings across Europe (the “Springtime of Nations”).

Question 11

Nicholas I: Conservative Russian Tsar known for “Orthodoxy

Answer 11

Autocracy

Question 12

Crimean War: Conflict where Britain and France defeated Russia; it revealed Russia’s weakness and ended the “Concert of Europe.”

Question 13

“The Sick Man of Europe”: A nickname for the declining Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.

Question 14

Emperor Franz Joseph: Long-reigning ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire who struggled to contain ethnic nationalism.

Question 15

Camillo Cavour: The “brains” of Italian unification; a diplomat who used alliances to unify Northern Italy.

Question 16

Giuseppe Garibaldi: The “sword” of Italian unification; leader of the “Red Shirts” who conquered Southern Italy.

Question 17

Napoleon III: Emperor of the Second French Empire who modernized Paris but was ousted after the Franco-Prussian War.

Question 18

Otto von Bismarck: The “Iron Chancellor” of Prussia who used “Blood and Iron” to unify Germany.

Question 19

Franco-Prussian War: 1870 conflict that led to the creation of the German Empire and the fall of Napoleon III.

Question 20

Benjamin Disraeli: British Conservative Prime Minister associated with “Tory Democracy” and expanding the British Empire.

Question 21

William Gladstone: British Liberal Prime Minister known for moralistic politics and favoring “Home Rule” for Ireland.

Question 22

19th Century Anti-Semitism: Modern prejudice against Jews based on racial and nationalistic pseudo-science.

Question 23

Charles Darwin: Biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species.

Question 24

Zionism: The movement for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Answer 24

led by Theodor Herzl.

Question 25

Socialism: Economic system favoring social ownership and the reduction of inequality.

Question 26

Karl Marx: Co-author of The Communist Manifesto who argued history is a struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.

Question 27

Friedrich Nietzsche: Philosopher who critiqued traditional morality and famously declared "God is dead."

Question 28

Vladimir Lenin: Bolshevik leader who adapted Marxism for Russia and led the 1917 October Revolution.

Question 29

Sigmund Freud: Founder of psychoanalysis who focused on the unconscious mind and the "Id

Answer 29

Ego

Question 30

John Stuart Mill: Liberal philosopher who advocated for Utilitarianism and individual liberty.

Question 31

Indian Mutiny of 1857: A major rebellion against British East India Company rule; led to direct British Crown rule.

Question 32

Hong Xiuquan: Leader of the Taiping Rebellion who believed he was the brother of Jesus Christ.

Question 33

Taiping Rebellion: A massive

Answer 33

bloody civil war in China (1850–1864) against the Qing Dynasty.

Question 34

Empress Tz'u-hsi: The powerful Dowager Empress who dominated the late Qing Dynasty and resisted Western reforms.

Question 35

The Opium War: Conflict between Britain and China over the opium trade; resulted in the "Unequal Treaties."

Question 36

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 anti-foreign

Answer 36

anti-Christian uprising in China suppressed by an international eight-nation alliance.

Question 37

Chiang Kai-shek: Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) after Sun Yat-sen.

Question 38

Matthew Perry: U.S. Commodore who "opened" Japan to Western trade in 1853 with "Black Ships."

Question 39

Meiji Restoration: The rapid modernization and industrialization of Japan that returned power to the Emperor.

Question 40

Russo-Japanese War: 1904–1905 conflict where Japan defeated Russia

Answer 40

marking the first time an Asian power beat a European one.

Question 41

Battle of Tsushima: Decisive naval battle where Japan destroyed the Russian Baltic Fleet.

Question 42

Kaiser Wilhelm II: The militaristic German Emperor whose aggressive foreign policy helped lead to WWI.

Question 43

Triple Entente: The pre-WWI alliance between Britain

Answer 43

France

Question 44

Triple Alliance: The pre-WWI alliance between Germany

Answer 44

Austria-Hungary

Question 45

Bosnian Crisis: A 1908 tension caused by Austria’s annexation of Bosnia

Answer 45

inflaming Serbian nationalism.

Question 46

Schlieffen Plan: Germany's failed strategy to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France before turning to Russia.

Question 47

Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Heir to the Austrian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo triggered WWI.

Question 48

Paul von Hindenburg: German field marshal and war hero who later became President of the Weimar Republic.

Question 49

Battle of the Marne: 1914 battle that stopped the German advance into France and began trench warfare.

Question 50

Battle of Jutland: The only major naval battle of WWI between the British and German fleets.

Question 51

German Peace Offensives (1918): Germany’s final

Answer 51

desperate attempt to win the war before American troops arrived in force.

Question 52

Adolf Hitler: Leader of the Nazi Party who became Dictator of Germany and initiated WWII and the Holocaust.

Question 53

Joseph Goebbels: Nazi Minister of Propaganda who controlled the media and "big lie" tactics.

Question 54

The Gestapo: The secret state police of Nazi Germany

Answer 54

used to crush political dissent.

Question 55

Einsatzgruppen: Mobile killing squads that followed the German army to execute Jews and political enemies.

Question 56

The "Final Solution": The Nazi plan for the systematic

Answer 56

state-sponsored genocide of European Jews.

Question 57

Heinrich Himmler: Head of the SS and one of the main architects of the Holocaust.

Question 58

Trial at Nuremberg: Post-war international military tribunals that prosecuted Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity.