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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

4 Routes of Medication Administration

A
  1. Topical-skin
  2. Sublingual-under the tongue
  3. Buccal-placed in the cheek
  4. Parenteral-injected
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2
Q

5 ways Parenteral injections are classified?

A
  1. Intradermal-between layers of the skin
  2. Subcutaaneous- under the skin
  3. Intramuscular-into the muscle
  4. Intravascular- into a vein
  5. Intrathecal-into spinal canal
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3
Q

2 Types of needles?

A
  1. Angiocath-long term

2. Butterfly-short term

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4
Q

2 Types/Ways to inject

A
  1. Bolus-large quantity administered over short period of time (Push with hand)
  2. Infusion-slow introduction over a long period of time (IV Drip)
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5
Q

What does site selection depend on?

A
  • purpose of injection
  • type of drug
  • condition of veins
  • limitations of the patient
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6
Q

What is the normal amount of medication from a standard IV set?

A

15-20 drops/minute

Approx. 60 ml per hour

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7
Q

How high should the IV bag be?

A

18-20 inches above level of the vein

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8
Q

What is Extravasation?

A

Fluid is outside the vessel

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9
Q

What is Infiltration?

A

Fluid has diffused into the surrounding tissue

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10
Q

Prevention of Extravasation?

A
  1. Check for backflow
  2. Immobilize catheter at site
  3. Stop injection if patient complains of discomfort
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11
Q

6 Steps to deal with Infiltration?

A
  1. Remove needle
  2. Assure patient pain is temporary
  3. Maintain pressure on vein
  4. Apply cold pack 20-60 minutes
  5. Have Rad check injection site
  6. Fill out Incident report
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12
Q

7 Rules of Injection?

A
  1. Never borrow drugs or equipment from emergency cart
  2. Label must be read 3 times
  3. Air bubbles must be removed
  4. Surgical asepsis is required
  5. Know correct procedure if Extravasation/infiltration occurs
  6. Incident must be filled if Extravasation occurs
  7. Do not use specialty catheters
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13
Q

What is the purpose of the Cervical Collar?

A

To maintain alignment of spine and prevent further spinal injury

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14
Q

2 types of Cast Materials

A
  1. Plaster of Paris-heavy white material, very thick

2. Fibreglass-lighter, comes in colours

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15
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Circulation

A
  1. Good Circulation- fingers and toes are warm, pink and sensitive to the touch
  2. Bad Circulation- fingers and toes are cold, numb, lack of normal color, pain or burning in distal extremity
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16
Q

What is Traction?

A
  • use of weights, pulleys and ropes to treat bone and muscle disorders or injuries.
  • treats fractures, dislocations and muscle spasms in effort to correct deformities and promote healing
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17
Q

2 main types of traction?

A
  1. Skin-using tape or straps, short term , 5-15 lbs

2. Skeletal- screws, pins, wires, long term use, 40 lbs

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18
Q

Methods of delivering Oxygen?

A

Nasal Prongs
Oxygen Mask
Nonrebreathing Mask
High-flow Mask

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19
Q

6 pieces of oxygen equipment

A
  • mask, prongs, etc
  • flow meter
  • portable oxygen tank
  • tracheostomy
  • ventilator
  • pulse oximetry
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20
Q

How much oxygen can a Nasal prong give?

A

1-6L/min

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21
Q

What is a pulse oximeter used for?

A

-used to monitor patients during exam of biliary and pancreatic duct

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22
Q

What is a Tracheostomy?

A

-creates opening into the trachea to provide a temporary or permanent artificial airway

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23
Q

What is another reason for a tracheostomy?

A

-provide controlled respiration with a ventilator in a patient with respiratory collapse caused by paralysis, pulmonary edema, trauma, ARDS

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24
Q

2 Types and purposes of Urinary Catheters?

A
  1. Straight- used to obtain specimen or to empty bladder. Short term use only
  2. Retention-Long term continuous drainage of urine. Has a small balloon helps hold catheter in place
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25
Where must Urinary Catheter bags be kept?
-Below the level of patients bladder
26
Tips for Venipuncture
1. Patients should not sit or stand on high stools 2. Put gloves on in front of patients 3. Warm puncture site 4. Do not hyperextend elbow 5. Swab palpating finger with alcohol to increase sensitivity 6. Stinging sensation can be due to wet alcohol at site
27
Contraindications for not using patients arm veins?
- Burned or scarred areas - Cast on arm - Thombosed veins - Edematous arms - Mastectomy
28
Complications of venipuncture
``` Fainting Needle not inserted correctly Needle not deep enough Needle too deep Bevel against vein wall Hematoma Excessive bleeding Edema Obesity Damaged Collapsed veins Allergies ```
29
9 pieces of Medical Accessory Equipment
1. Bag or Bottle 2. Tubing 3. Souset 4. Drip Chamber 5. Clamp 6. Rubber Injection Site 7. Insertions Site 8. Electronic Infusion System 9. Tourniquet, tape, syringe, gloves, gauze
30
4 Purposes for Administering Contrast Agents
1. Expand Collapsible Organs 2. Provide outline of surrounding tissues 3. Enhance presentation of organ or blood vessel 4. Differentiate closely located organs
31
3 Characteristics of Contrast Media
1. Negative/Postitive 2. Ionic/non-ionic 3. Water soluble/non-water soluble
32
6 Ways to Administer Contrast Agents
1. Oral 2. Rectal 3. Intravenous 4. Intraaterial 5. Intrathecal 6. Intraarticular
33
What type of Consent does a intrathecal injections need?
Standard/general consent form
34
What type of consent does an Intra-articulate injection need?
Standard/general consent form
35
What type of Consent if need for an INtravenous injection?
Contrast Consent Form
36
What type of consent is needed for Intra-arterial injection?
Contrast Consent Form
37
2 types of reactions contrast can cause?
1. Physiochemotoxix | 2. Idiosyncratic
38
What are Physiochemotoxic reactions?
-result from ability of contrast to upset hero stasis of the body
39
What systems most commonly experience physiological changes?
``` Cardiovascular Respiratory Urinary GI Neurological Integumentary ```
40
Physicochemotoxic reactions are commonly related to?
1. Physical properties of Contrast 2. Iodine Concentration of Contrast 3. Total Dose of Volume of Contrast 4. Rate or Speed of injection
41
Ionic Contrast Media Breaks into?
Positively charged particles called CATIONS and Negatively charged particles called ANIONS 3:2 -3 Iodine molecules and 1 Cation and 1 Anion
42
Non-ionic Contrast Media......
Do not break down into charged particles 3:1 - 3 iodine molecules and 1 neutral molecule
43
The Physical Properties of Contrast Media Include?
1. Chemical Breakdown when mixed in a solution 2. Number and Size of iodine compounds 3. Number and Size of additional chemical compounds
44
What is Osmolality?
- measure of concentration that considers the number of osmoles/litre - Contrast media with a higher Osmoles/litre then blood plasma is HYPEROSMOLAR
45
What 2 Categories is contrast media broken into?
1. High Osmolar | 2. Low Osmolar
46
What is the iodine concentration in a solution determined by?
The number of iodine molecules/Litre High Concentration=more photons absorbed Low Concentration=less radiopaque and less diagnostic
47
Increasing the rate media is injected increases the chances of an adverse reaction taking place
.
48
The _________ of a contrast media is directly related to its _________
Concentration, Viscosity
49
Factors that affect viscosity of contrast media?
- Iodine Concentration - Temp of media - Inner Catheter Diameter - Catheter Length - Number of Catheter holes
50
What is a Idiosyncratic Reaction?
- unpredictable | - resemble allergic reactions
51
What determines if the contrast is classified as ionic or nonionic?
- Chemical Breakdown | - Ability to dissociate into charged particles when placed in a solution
52
Why does Contrast Media contain Iodine?
- Low toxicity - High atomic # - Ability to bind to organic molecules in the body
53
What causes pain in a patient experiencing hypervolemia?
- Dilation of vessels - Increase in circulating blood - Red Cell Changes
54
What 2 Variable affect Viscosity?
Thickness and resistance
55
Special Beds and Mattresses
- beds with rocking or wave motion must be turned off during exam - air mattresses must be filled before placing IR under - might need to lie on alcohol/water pad to increase/decrease body temp, place IR on top of pad
56
Preparation for Examination
1. Diet-liquid diet, fasting 2. Cathartics-strong laxative prep(bulk,lubricant,emollient,saline,stimulant) 3. Suppositories-medication inserted into rectum to stimulate peristaltic action in colon 4. Cleansing Enemas-fill colon with liquids to aid in dislodging/flushing out contents PATIENT IN SIMS POSITION OF LAO
57
6 rules(rights) of medication administration
1. Right dose 2. Right Medication 3. Right patient 4. Right time 5. Right route 6. Right documentation
58
What 2 tests must be done prior to giving contrast?
1. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) | 2. Creatinine
59
How far in advance must blood work be done before administering contrast?
3 months
60
What is the purpose of suctioning?
-used to clear the mouth and throat of secretion, blood, or vomitus in the mouth
61
5 things techs are responsible regarding suctioning equipment
1. The pump is working 2. The receptacle is connected to pump 3. Adequate length of tubing connects the suction catheter to receptacle 4. Assortment of disposable, flexible suction catheters are on hand 5. Rigid pharyngeal catheter device is available to clean foreign material from mouth and pharynx
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