1
Q
Define social support
A
Verbal and nonverbal behavior produces with the intention of providing assistance to others that might need it
2
Q
Social Support and its origins of theory
A
-Correlation between physical health/mental health and quantity and quality of social relationships
3
Q
Explain stress buffering hypothesis
A
Social support provides a buffer against the effects of stress
4
Q
What are the two parts of a communication support network?
A
- Functions
2. Structure
5
Q
Explain function as a role of social networks
A
The type of relationship of various parts of social networks
6
Q
Explain structure as a role of social networks
A
Why does this social network exist in the first place
7
Q
What are the four types of social support?
A
- Instrumental
- Informational
- Emotional
- Esteem
8
Q
Explain instrumental social support
A
Physical assistance; assistance with a task
9
Q
Explain informational support
A
Providing information & expertise
10
Q
Explain emotional support
A
Understanding, care, and concern
11
Q
Explain esteem support
A
Support a person’s sense of self-worth
12
Q
What is the Optimal matching Theory
A
Social support is most effective if the appropriate type of support is matched to the type of stressor.
13
Q
What are the seven foundations of Intimacy
A
- Personality & early experiences (Attachment)
- Situational & Developmental factors (e.g., proximity, age, timing)
- Cultural guidelines: Who can have a relationship with who? (e.g., interracial, interethnic, across class & SES)
- Emotional Arousal & labeling
a. Biological basis for attachment & association
b. Emotional education & socialization - Self-fulfillment
- SElf-Surrender
- Commitment to joint identity
14
Q
What are the dimensions of Self-presentation & disclosure
A
- Breadth
- Depth
- Valence
- Generality
15
Q
List some principles of self-disclosure
A
- Self-disclosure develops incrementally over time as the relationships gets closer
- Self-Disclosure tends to be reciprocated, especially early in a relationship
- Intimate self-disclosure implies an increased message of trust
16
Q
What is privacy/boundary management?
A
the establishment and negotiation of appropriate levels of intimacy.
17
Q
What are the two broad types of Love according to Lee?
A
- Primary Styles
2. Secondary styles
18
Q
What are the three kinds of primary love?
A
- Eros = physical love
- Storge = companionate love
- Ludus + playful love
19
Q
What are the three kinds of Secondary love
A
- Mania = possessive love
- Agape = unselfish love
- Pragma = practical love
20
Q
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love include?
A
Passion, Intimacy, and Commitment
21
Q
List Marston & Hect’s Love ways
A
- Collaborative love
- Active love
- Intuitive love
- Committed love
- Secure love
- Expressive love
- Traditional romantic love
22
Q
What are the general principles of relationship maintenance?
A
- Maintenance is a process
- Everyday mundane communication is vital to the maintenance of personal relationships
- Maintenance often involves the negotiation of “dialectic tensions.” It is often a matter of balancing competing needs.
23
Q
List some examples of maintenance strategies and behaviors
A
- Positivity
- Openness
- Assurances
- Supportiveness
- Sharing Joint Activities
- Task sharing
- Romance & affection
- Social networking
24
Q
Social Exchange: What is CL?
A
- Comparison Level
- Average profit from past relationships
25
Social Exchange: What is CLalt?
- Comparison Level
| - Projected profit from next best alternative
26
Social Exchange and Equity: If current relationship exceeds the CL the persons is?
Satisfied
27
Social Exchange and Equity: If the current relationship exceeds the CLalt then the relationship will be?
Stable
28
Explain social Exchange?
People seek to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs.
29
What are the three models of fairness of exchange?
- Distributive Justice
- Equity
- Communal Relationships
30
Explain distributive justice
Each person's rewards should be proportional to their costs or contribution to the relationship.
31
Explain equity in relation to fairness of exchange
Each person's profit should be about equal in the relationship.
32
Explain Communal relationships in relation to fairness of exchange
Closer personal relationships are viewed as communal where social exchange doesn't apply
33
Unless there are extenuating circumstances, relationships that violate both distributive justice and equity are?
Exploitive
34
Define conflict
The interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals and interference from each other in achieving those goals" (Hocker & Wilmot, 1985).
35
List some myths about conflict
- Conflict should be avoided at all costs
- All conflict occurs because people misunderstand each other
- All conflict can be resolved to the complete satisfaction of everyone involved
36
Name some properties of interpersonal conflict
- Conflict increases as relationships become more interdependent.
- Patterns of behavior in conflicts may tend to perpetuate themselves
- Conflict interaction is influenced by and in turn affects relationships.
37
what are the Five conflict styles
- Cooperative
- Concern for other
- Uncooperative
- Passive
- Assertive
38
Marital/Couple conflict: list some characteristics of a happy/stable couple
- Talk about problems with a neutral affect
- Maintain a 5/1 ratio positive to negative
- Parallel relational control pattern
a. Both symmetry and complementary
b. No one always in the same control position--control is shared/contingent
39
Marital/Couple conflict: list some characteristics of a Dissatisfied/distressed couple
- Exhibit more negative behaviors
- Interpret behavior more negatively than intended
- Reciprocate negative behaviors
- Engage in cross-complaint sequences
40
What are the four horsemen of the Apocalypse?
1. Criticism - going beyond a complaint about a specific action and criticizing the other person
2. Contempt - intention to insult and psychologically abuse your partner
3. Defensiveness
4. Stonewalling - the silent treatment
41
List some general conflict management principles
- Stick to the topic
- Don't bring other people into the conflict
- Attack positions not people
- Don't say things you don't mean
- If necessary, postpone conflict until your emotions cool down, but do come back.
- Avoid defensiveness and mind reading
- Practice active listening
42
Contingency model of conflict management
What works in one relationship might not work in another. One should deal with conflict in a way that is appropriate for the relationship and situation
43
Define domineeringness
An individual's attempts to exert power or influence over another
44
Define power
An individual's ability to influence others or to do what he or she wants
45
Define influence potential
A person's ability to resist influence by another
46
Define control
Relational result of interactive influence attempts and resistance or counter-moves
47
What are the five bases of power
1. Coercion
2. Expertise
3. Reward
4. Referent
5. Legitimate
48
Five bases of power: explain Coercion
Force, hurt
49
Five bases of power: explain expertise
Knowledge, experience
50
Five bases of power: explain reward
Provide benefit or something pleasant
51
Five bases of power: explain referent
Identification, admiration
52
Five bases of power: explain legitimate
socially sanctioned by rule, law or policy of an institution
53
Endorsement of power & control
Power (control) is always conferred on someone by those who endorse the resources
54
Power & control are always relational
Influence potential is always vis-a-vis someone--it is never absolute and always relative to another's power.
55
Name the three types of relational control interaction
1. Reciprocal/symmetrical
2. compensatory/complementary
3. Parallel relationships
56
Relational control interaction is...
This assertion-response pattern (e.g., ↑A ↑B; →A →B; ↓A ↑B) defines the nature of the relationship at that point.
57
Relational control interaction that is reciprocal produces..
A symmetrical relationship
58
Repeated compensatory patterns produces
A complementary control relationship characterized by dominance of one party in the relationship
59
Relational control interaction: Explain a parallel relationship
Consists of both reciprocal and compensatory patterns, and flexible complementarity where people alternate control positions in complementary exchanges.
60
Define deception
Intentionally managing verbal and/or nonverbal messages so that the receiver will believe or understand something in a way that the sender knows to be false (Buller & Burgoon, 1994)
61
What are the five types of deception
1. Lies
2. Equivocation or evasion
3. Concealment
4. Exaggeration
5. Minimization
62
Define equivocation
Indirect ambiguous or contradictory statement.
| ex. Q: do i look fat? A: Most people put on weight during the holidays
63
What are the three motives of deception
1. Partner-focused
2. Self-focused
3. Relationship-focused
64
Explain partner-focused motives for deception
- To help the target
- Avoid hurting partner
- Avoid worrying partner
65
Explain self-focused motives for deception
- Protect or enhance own self-image
- Avoid embarrassment
- Criticism or other's anger
66
Explain relationship-focused motives for deception
- Limit or avoid harm to the relationship
| - Sometimes helps, sometimes hurts the relationship
67
What does the research say about deception detection
- Untrained observers looking at and listening to strangers will be able to detect lies about half or little better than half the time
- Those whose profession involves lie detection are often no better than the average person and sometimes worse (exception-Secrete service agents)
68
List some behaviors indicative of deception
- Behavioral clusters are better indicators than any one behavior
- Speech errors, higher pitch, more hesitation
- Anxiety responses ex. blushing, shaking
- Excessive responses
69
What is truth bias?
People generally assume that others are telling the truth os lies are unexpected and, therefore, often overlooked.
70
People in satisfying relationships may be more or less susceptible to truth bias?
More
71
What are some consequences of deception
- Consequences can depend upon the motive, the importance, and form of deception
- A lie can lead to more lies
- Frequent or important self-serving deceptions can erode trust in a relationship
72
What are the four pathways to relational endings
1. Conscious Choice
2. Atrophy
3. Separation
4. Death
73
Conscious choice in relation to relational endings
-Most common 2/3 unilateral
74
Relational endings: explain atrophy
Wither away gradually
75
List reasons why marital relationships end
- Communication breakdown
- Loss shared goals and interests
- Sexual incompatibility
- Infidelity and jealousy
- Boredom
76
Reasons why dating relationships end
- Boredom
- Different interests
- Desire to be independent
- Difference backgrounds
- Conflicting ideas about sex
77
List the five steps of Knapp's Reversal Hypothesis
1. Differentiating
2. Circumscribing
3. Stagnating
4. Avoiding
5. Terminating
78
What are the four disengagement strategies?
1. Unilateral and indirect
2. Unilateral and direct
3. Bilateral and indirect
4. Bilateral and direct
79
List some examples of unilateral and indirect disengagement strategies
- Avoidance
- Withdraw support
- Manipulation
- Pseudo de-escalation
80
List some examples of unilateral and direct disengagement strategies
- Direct dump
- Dating others openly
- Justification
- Threats/bullying
81
Give an example of a bilateral and indirect disengagement strategy
Fading away
82
List some examples of bilateral and direct disengagement strategies
- Blame game
| - Negotiated farewell
83
What are the four steps in Duck's Model of Disengagement?
- Breakdown, a difficulty is felt or expressed
1. The Intrapsychic Phase
2. The Dyadic Phase
3. The Social Phase
4. The Grave-Dressing Phase
84
Duck's Model of Disengagement: Explain the intrapsychic phase
Initial decision
85
Duck's Model of Disengagement: Explain the dyadic phase
Negotiation stage
86
Duck's Model of Disengagement: Explain the social phase
Communication with social network
87
Duck's Model of Disengagement: Explain the grave-dressing phase
-Coming to terms with breakup.
Interpersonal Communication
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