1
Q
TINA
A
Margret Thatcher
- there is no alternative
- used to justify the market economy is the best, right and only system that works
- supported free markets and trades
- do not want change because it will negatively affect the rich
- way to keep the rich rich and the poor poor
- used in the 1980s
- justification for political and financial decisions
- shows the mindset that neoliberalism is the only way to operate our society correctly
2
Q
“They… brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things.
They willingly traded everything they owned…. They do not bear arms, and do not
know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves
out of ignorance…. They would make fine servants…. With fifty men we could
subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.”
A
Christopher Columbus - 1492
- arrived in the Bahamas
- in 2 years through murder, mutilation, or suicide half of the 250,000 Indigenous peoples of Haiti were dead
- highlights Europeans superiority
- colonization
- Columbus is seen as a hero yet we ignore the horrors he caused
- only species that target each other over small differences
- we do not have a day to celebrate Hitler, but we do for Columbus
- initiated the African Slave trade
- saw humans as nothing more than animals
- shows lack of respect for people wo were not living like him, very Eurocentric, within 2 years of his arrival half of the population was dead
3
Q
Colonialism
A
- involves political/economic domination of territory
- involves people who settle and live permanently in new territory
- with it comes exploitation, murder, rape, cultural genocide, white superiority
- colonialism is the primitive accumulation of capital necessary for the birth of capitalism
- rich will do anything to win (greed & corruption)
- Margaret Wente in 2008 said Indigenous peoples in Canada are savages and are less evolved
- act of coming to a new land, imposing your way of life on others, taking over the land
- in CAN, it began with residential school system which lead to the death and trauma of indigenous population
Justification for colonialism
1) save souls of infidels (Christian prerogative)
2) ‘natural law’ (Eurocentric)
3) progress (barbarism –> civilization)
4
Q
Two Row Wampum
A
- created in 1613 between the Dutch and Iroquois
- Dutch settlers moved up Hudson river into Mohawk territory
- Dutch initially proposed patriarchal relationship
- Wampum belt confirms our words. Neither of us will make compulsory laws or interfere in the internal affairs of the other. Neither of us will try to steer the other’s vessel
- “until the sun still shines, until the water still flows, until the grass turns green, this treaty will be in effect”
- peace, righteousness and power (white beads)
- separate entities that are still connected
- Dutch broke this promise and colonized this land, enslaving Indigenous peoples
- purple beads = settlers big ship and Indigenous peoples canoe
- live in harmony, intertwined by similar morals but separate cultures that are respected
- instead of being like father and son they wanted to be like brothers
5
Q
Formal Freedom vs. real freedom
A
- the concept that in a neoliberal state, there are formal freedoms, but it is set up on the belief that everyone starts at the same place, only freedom for the rich
Formal freedom: refers to the legal or theoretical aspect of freedom
Based off legal rights and liberties of law
Real freedom: refers to the actual ability of individuals to esterize their rights and make choices without facing significant obstacles
Social, economic and cultural factors
6
Q
Eurocentrism
A
- worldview, mindset or rhetorical orientation that center’s European or White ways of knowing as sole, central or superior to all others
- defined as an attitude, conceptual apparatus, or set of empirical beliefs that frame Europe as the primary engine and architect of world history, the bearer of universal values and reason, the pinnacle and therefore model of progress and development
- Eurocentric narratives, the superiority of Europe is evident in its achievements in economic and political systems, technologies and the high quality of life
- tied to and indeed constituted in the violence and asymmetry of colonial and imperial encounters
- makes the violence not only possible, but also acceptable/justifiable
- institutional practice’s that privilege whiteness and Eurocentric epistemologies continue to haunt the production of knowledge in geography in significant and disturbing ways
- form of ethnocentrism that uses European ethnic, national, religious and linguistic criteria to judge other people and their culture (hence reason to “kill the indian in the child”)
- ex: learning about Columbus as a hero
7
Q
Residential schools
A
- first school opened in 1831 and last closed in 1996
- part of the Indian Act established in 1876
- meant to “kill the Indian in the child”
- form of cultural genocide
- primary roles to convert children to Christianity and civilize them
- schools run by church’s
- children prohibited to speak native language and practice own faiths
- overcrowded, poor sanitation and lack of medical care
- assimilation
- shown as this great idea, the children love to be there
8
Q
The TRC report
A
- TRC commission set up in 2008 to investigate history of RS
- published in June of 2015
- interviewed over 7000 witnesses
- TRC states for over a century, central goal of aboriginal policy was to eliminate Indigenous governments, ignores rights, terminate treaties, and assimilate people (cultural genocide)
- land was stolen, integrated a pass system, replaced existing governments with powerless band councils, separated families
- made a 94 calls to action
- specific recommendations and guidelines
9
Q
Indian Act
A
- established in 1876
- gave government control over most aspects of Indigenous life
- Indigenous people physically removed from land and placed on small reserves
- dictated and controlled everything they did
- made it impossible to live (could not vote, hire lawyers, sell or buy certain things)
- used to assimilate
- people seen as savages and barbaric
- long list of restrictions and rules that must be followed
10
Q
Indigenous sovereignty
A
- fundamental solution
- recognize their own traditions/authority
- deal with as nation-to-nation
- get rid of Indian act
- replace with structures of self government to give indigenous peoples more control over their daily lives
- As distinct and independent Nations, we possess inherent rights to self-determination. These inherent rights were not endowed by any other state or Nation, but are passed on through birthright, are collective, and flow from the connection to the Creator and our lands.
- Self-determination means we freely and independently determine and exercise our own political, legal, economic, social and cultural systems without external interference
- This is why we continually seek to work with State bodies on the basis of a government-to-government relationship. This is why development or utilization of lands requires our free, prior, and informed consent, or when decisions are made which may impact our inherent and Treaty rights. While Indigenous Nations are forced to use colonial systems and laws, this does not supersede our inherent rights. Indigenous Peoples have been tireless in ensuring Inherent and Treaty rights are recognized through non-Indigenous vehicles such as the Constitution Act, case law and court decisions. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is another powerful international instrument which creates the minimum standards and principles for the survival, dignity and well-being of Indigenous Peoples and their rights.
11
Q
“It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we
expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address
ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love”
A
- Smith, 1976
- efficient market coordination
- each person makes many tiny adjustments, there is no overarching social planner
- market is naturally self-regulating
- greed is good (underlying motivator)
- self interest is at the heart of every action
- people are fundamentally self-interested, which is not the same thing as selfish
- people only do things if they can benefit from it not because they care for each other
Renowned economist and philosopher Adam Smith
Encapsulates the idea of self-interest and being a driving force
Laid the foundation for the theory of economic self-interest as a fundamental
Emphasizes that individuals in economic transactions are self-motivated
From his book “wealth of nations”
12
Q
Pullman, Illinois
A
- constructed by George Pullman
- in a south side neighborhood that serves as a focal point for railroad, labor, and history
- was a “company community” meaning a city composed of buildings all owned by a single company/person which is also the town’s main employer
- prohibited independent newspapers and public forms of discussion, inspectors routinely barged into homes to ‘inspect’, leases could be terminated on a whim, banned alcohol (yet he was allowed to drink it)
- oppressive and enforced all employees to follow strict rules
- money spent from their salary went directly to George Pullman
- racism also experienced
There were some defects such as wage cuts
Wage cuts led to a strike in 1894
13
Q
Mondragon
A
- collection of cooperative enterprises, centered in the town of Mondragon
- most of its workers are partners, meaning they own the company
- 96 cooperatives of the Mondragon Corporation must produce profits to stay in business however these businesses have been engineered not to lavish dividends on shareholders or shower stock options on executives but to preserve paychecks
- concept of the cooperative may conjure the notion of hippie socialism, limiting its value as a model for global economy but Mondragon stands out as a genuinely large enterprise
- cooperatives employ more than 70,000 people in Spain
- annual revenues of 12 billion euros
- landmark of social economy (its possible to be profitable but still act on social objectives)
- In a world grappling with the consequences of widening economic inequality, cooperatives are gaining attention as an intriguing potential alternative to the established mode of global capitalism. They emphasize one defining purpose: protecting workers.
- The pandemic has highlighted and exacerbated the pitfalls faced by companies built to maximize shareholder returns. The shutdown of much of the world’s economy has sent joblessness soaring, threatening the ability of workers to feed their families and stay current on rent and mortgage payments
A corporation, federation of worker cooperatives based in the Basque region of Spain
Founded in 1956 by Jose Maria
Included a wide range of business
Decisions are made collectively with a focus on democratic governance
Emphasizes the importance of creating stable jobs
The world’s largest co-op, originating in Spain - very successful with over 111 locations, 83 000 employees, and 82 million euros as assets
- significant bc it shows a real life alternative to hierarchal workplaces
14
Q
Worker Cooperative
A
- businesses that are owned and democratically controlled by members
- The main purpose of a worker co-operative is to provide employment for its members through operating an enterprise that follows the Co-operative Principles and Values.
- When new employees join the business, after a successful probationary period they are encouraged to apply for membership.
- The worker co-op is, in principle, designed to provide benefits not just to the founding members but also to all future employees
- To create their worker co-op, members combine their skills, interests and experiences to achieve mutual goals such as creating jobs for themselves, providing a community service and increasing democracy in the workplace
- Each member purchases a membership share, or pays a membership fee, and has one vote no matter how many shares they own. Through the democratic governance of the co-op, all members have equal opportunity to affect the way the business is run and to offer input on the decisions affecting their everyday work lives
- Each member purchases a membership share, or pays a membership fee, and has one vote no matter how many shares they own. Through the democratic governance of the co-op, all members have equal opportunity to affect the way the business is run and to offer input on the decisions affecting their everyday work lives
- This is a fundamental difference, as in conventional businesses the ultimate authority rests with a single individual, or with a small group, and the business decisions are based upon maximizing their benefit and profit as owners
- worker co-operatives are a radical break from the conventional business model. The worker co-op’s primary goal in operating an enterprise is for service to its employees and its community rather than in service to the owners of capital. The goal is to provide the best possible employment conditions for the members and to provide the customers and community with a service or product at a fair price that meets their needs and leads to a sustainable community
15
Q
Social Democracy
A
- justice, freedom and solidarity
- democracy = all citizens have the same rights to freedom, security and participation
- social democratic welfare: best social services, public services are accessible for everyone, most taxes, ideal of social democracy
- social democracy = freedom, justice and solidarity
- positive and negative taken seriously, without access to positive rights and liberties some are not able to access the negative
- social democracy = regulated market + socialists state
- the centre of the neoliberal welfare regime is the market vs. the centre of the social democratic regime is the state
- say neoliberal society is unjust and unfree
- idea of freedom = ability to live the life you want
- socialists think corporations are the enemy and the state is a friend
16
Q
Neoliberalism
A
- free markets are the best way to organize the economy
- the state should be kept to a minimum (get the state “off our backs”)
- arguments = 1) efficiency & 2) freedom (freedom and the state are in perpetual conflict)
- core elements = privatization, low taxes, deregulation, free trade (expanding markets and minimizing the state)
- trickle-down effect
- countries with higher inequality also have higher levels of mental illness, teenage pregnancy, obesity, incarceration rates and homicides
- as well as lower levels of life expectancy, social trust, children’s educational performance and social mobility
- say social democracy is inefficient and unfree
- idea of freedom = no interference from the state
- paints corporations are friends and the state as the enemy
17
Q
Marxism
A
- coined by Karl Marx & Fredrich Engles
- Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialectical perspective to view social transformation
- helped the working class question the injustice enforced upon them through their wages, life style and oppression
- Marxism is the beginning of progress and evolution
- Marxism is a social, economic and political philosophy that analyses the impact of the ruling class on the laborers, leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society
- two divisions in the capitalist society: 1) The Bourgeoisie enjoyed the power to control the toiling masses’ wages and work, leaving them vulnerable to even replacements in the future & 2) the proletariat are the workers or working-class people, regarded collectively. only possession of significant economic value is their labour power (their capability to work)
- school of thought lead by Karl Marx
- focus on historical materialism (society as what soc produces for life)
- life is built on their relations to production
- capitalism is exploitative
- creates classes, bourgeoisie and proletariat
- unions are necessary
18
Q
Anarchism
A
- Anti-capitalism rests to a significant extent on the claim that capitalism as a way of organizing an economic system impedes the fullest possible realization of the values of equality/fairness, democracy/freedom, and community/solidarity
- why is capitalism bad = irrational, destroys environment, tied to militarism and imperialism
- Many people seem to think that anarchists are proponents of violence, chaos, and destruction, that they are against all forms of order and organization
- Anarchists are simply people who believe human beings are capable of behaving in a reasonable fashion without having to be forced to (organize themselves & power corrupts)
- Anarchists argue that almost all the anti-social behavior which makes us think it’s necessary to have armies, police, prisons, and governments to control our lives, is actually caused by the systematic inequalities and injustice those armies, police, prisons and governments make possible.
- many tend to associate anarchism with chaos and violence but this is wrong
- wherever there are relationships between human beings that involve hierarchy and domination they should be scrutinized and whenever such relationships cannot be justified they hold be abolished to increase the scope of human freedom
- the fundamental idea is that relations between people, and the very structures of our institutions, should be based on mutuality and consent and not on coercion and violence
- opposed to… the state, prisons and police, capitalism, racism and patriarchy and ableism (opposed to forms of violence)
- if oppressive social structures are abolished people will not have any reason to be antagonistic towards each other
- trying to balance individual freedom with social equality
- combo of socialism and liberalism
Anarchism vs. Marxism - anarchists thinks there are many problems with society
- anarchists goal is radical democracy
- anarchists believe in prefigurative politics
19
Q
Nordic Countries
A
- nations known for high-living standards and low-income disparity
- Nordic model merges free-market capitalism with a generous welfare system
- some view this model as an attractive alternative to the winner-take-all brand of capitalism that has resulted in significant inequality
- critics state this model has high taxes, high degree of government intervention and relatively low gross domestic product and productivity
- The Nordic model is a term coined to capture the unique combination of free-market capitalism and social benefits that have given rise to a society that enjoys a host of top-quality services, including free education and healthcare and generous, guaranteed pension payments for retirees
- These benefits are funded by taxpayers and administered by the government for the benefit of all citizens. The citizens have a high degree of trust in their government and a history of working together to reach compromises and address societal challenges through democratic processes. Their policymakers have chosen a mixed economic system that reduces the gap between the rich and the poor through redistributive taxation and a robust public sector while preserving the benefits of capitalism
- The result is a system that treats all citizens equally and encourages workforce participation. Gender equality is a hallmark trait of the culture that results in not only a high degree of workplace participation by women but also a high level of parental engagement by men
- known to have a better quality of life and reduced levels of inequality
- have the Social Democratic Party
- higher taxes, better services, generous welfare system, more social mobility
20
Q
Decommodification
A
- a commodity is: a raw material or primary agriculture product that can be bought or sold
- commodification is: the action or process of treating something as a mere commodity
- Capitalism is an economic system based on the assumption people have needs, and those needs are best fulfilled by purchasing goods and services
- decommodification aims to decrease the influence of commodities and to limit the effect of commercialization
- commodification of priceless materials may corrode important norms and long-held ethical values
- destroying the environment, creating greater wealth inequalities, increasing human labour violations
- Decommodification, by contrast, seeks to liberate people and places from a dependency on the commodity form of need satisfaction, especially with respect to basic life necessities (food, shelter, transportation, health care, education, etc)
- decommodification is a symbolic goal, envisioning a system that prioritizes people over profit and protects fundamental human rights against the growing colonization of our communities by powerful corporate interests
- the view that utilities are a right rather than a luxury
- one shouldn’t have to be high class in order to live a comfortable life
- millions of people are in poverty while some hoard all the money
21
Q
Vanguard
A
Used to describe a leading or forefront group within a movement
Revolutionary leadership
Organizational role
Political education
Centralized structure
- small group of professional activists organized like a mini army
- based on assumption that people don’t know their best interests
- idea by Lenin in his “What is To Be Done”
- component of the Russian Revolution
22
Q
Exploitation
A
- Marx sees workplaces in capitalist society as fundamentally antagonistic places
- every capitalist business works by exploiting his/her workers
- exploitation = the attempt by bosses to extract the maximum amount of effort from workers for the minimal amount of pay, so that they maximize their profit
- why does this happen? competition… the problem is not the individuals but the system itself
- inequality and force of circumstances compel people to get a job
- competition forces bosses to exploit workers
- capitalists mistake the formal freedom to quit with the reality that most people do not have this freedom - they are forced to find a job by the pressure to pay their rent
Refers to the unfair or unjust of power, often by individuals, groups or systems to take advantage of others for personal gain
Labour exploitation
Child labor
Sexual exploitation
Financial exploitation
23
Q
Prefigurative politics
A
- Prefigurative politics are the modes of organization and social relationships that strive to reflect the future society being sought by the group.
- According to Carl Boggs, who coined the term, the desire is to embody “within the ongoing political practice of a movement […] those forms of social relations, decision-making, culture, and human experience that are the ultimate goal”
- Prefigurativism is a way of showing what a world without the tyranny of the present might look like. It is a way of finding hope (but not escapism!) in the realms of possibility––something that words and theories alone cannot provide.
Refers to the political approach or strategy that aims to create within the present society the values, practices and structures that reflect the desired future society
Creating alternative systems
Living the values
Horizontal organizing
Experimentation and innovation
24
Q
Market failure
A
- Market failure, in economics, is a situation defined by an inefficient distribution of goods and services in the free market
- In an ideally functioning market, the forces of supply and demand balance each other out, with a change in one side of the equation leading to a change in price that maintains the market’s equilibrium. In a market failure, however, something interferes with this balance.
- each individual makes the correct decision for themselves, but those prove to be the wrong decisions for the group as a whole.
- Market failure refers to the inefficient allocation of resources that occurs when individuals acting in rational self-interest produce a less-than-optimal outcome.
- Market failure can occur in explicit markets where goods and services are bought and sold outright, or in implicit markets such as elections or the legislative process.
- causes of failure = externalities (n event that occurs as a byproduct of another event occurring), information failure, market control, public goods
- solutions = private market, government-imposed or collective action
- Market doesn’t supply what the pop is demanding
- Neolibs believe that market failures are rare & no biggie
- Socialists believe that market failures are common & important
- Can lead to poverty as they respond to effective demand
- Costs fail to cover negative externalities which can affect our environment
25
negative externalities
- Negative externalities occur when the product and/or consumption of a good or service exerts a negative effect on a third party independent of the transaction. An ordinary transaction involves two parties, i.e., a consumer and the producer, who are referred to as the first and second parties in the transaction.
- examples = air pollution, water pollution, farm animal production or noise pollution
- example = extracting gold. profitable for the company however has devastating environmental impacts and health consequences for neighboring villages
- -- Costs that affect ppl who're neither the buyer nor the seller
- Factory emitting toxic pollution to a nearby river, affecting the wildlife within it and those that rely on it for their water source
- Global warming is caused by externalities, bc most prices ignore the damages of industries
26
structural oppression
- Structural discrimination is a form of institutional discrimination against individuals of a given protected characteristic such as race or gender which has the effect of restricting their opportunities.
- ex = glass ceilings or glass cliffs
- not always conscious, explicit, or readily visible—often it is systemic and structural. Systemic and structural forms of oppression are pervasively and deeply embedded in systems, laws, written or unwritten policies, and entrenched practices and beliefs that produce, condone, and perpetuate widespread unfair treatment and oppression of people
Refers to systemic and institutional forms of discrimination, inequality and disadvantage that are embedded within the social, economic, political and cultural structures
Systemic nature
Institutionalized discrimination
Intersectionality
Reproduction of inequality
27
white privilege
- people get defensive if you say they have privilege
- has a negative connotation
- The phrase "white privilege" at times sounds like “You are a racist and there’s nothing you can do about it because you were born that way.”
- Yet this is not the truth, white privilege means something entirely different however, is used in the wrong context half the time
- in past decades, there was immense segregation between white and Bi-POC communities (lots of affirmative actions)
- leads to oppression of marginalized communities (violence, incarceration, unemployment, inability to find housing)
- not an attack on the persons hard-work and personal character but a need for understanding
- understand the privilege you have that allows you to get where you are (privilege to some may mean being a billionaire or moving to another country while to others this may mean not having to raise your siblings well your mothers works two jobs or being able to afford school supplies)
28
What riding my bike has taught me about white privilege
Dowsett
- I ride my bike in a city that is very car friendly and very bike unfriendly
- riding a bike in a car city is hard
- some drivers are jerks
- people i have never met are angry at me for being on 'their' road
- the issue is not really an individual problem but a structural one
- most people in cars are not intentionally aggressive
- but even if all the jerks had their licenses revoked the road would still be dangerous place because the whole transportation infrastructure privileges the automobile
- the semi driver who rushes past throwing gravel in my face is not necessarily a bad guy, but the fact he is in a truck means he does not have to think about potholes or gravel that bikes have to
- when i say the semi driver is privileged, it is not in a bad way but it acknowledges two things
1) infrastructure, laws, government, culture that shape the roads have been built with car in mind, not bikes
2) there is a huge asymmetry of power between bikes and cars - if he and i get into a collision, i will probably die and he will just have to clean his bumper
- i know most drivers are not jerks, but i have a long consistent history of bad experiences so when i have already been honked at, it is hard for me to stay civil
- when i am not civil with privileged drivers it is not because i hate them or think they are evil, it is because it is the third time that day i got gravel in my face
- saying someone is privileged is not a bad thing, but it tells them to think more broadly and realize they have opportunities and are not confined by certain boundaries
29
reverse racism
Racism =
1) not about an individual but structures
2) not about conscious belief, but about subconscious bias
- racism is not just about an individual being mean, it is about the structures, systems, rules and cultural codes of society
- prisons and violence disproportionately affect black communities (multiple victims killed for no reason, guilty let free)
- racism is not the same thing as prejudice
- racism = prejudice + structural power
- since the Bi-POC community do not usually hold structural power over white people (can't systematically affect their jobs, income, incarceration rates, random violence, drug addictions, having their children taken) it does not make sense to talk of racism in that context
- implicit association test (found even those of us who are consciously anti-racists are still likely to have some deep seated subconscious racist attitudes)
30
“Not only is the overall inequality between world citizens greater in the early 21st
century than it was more than a century and a half ago, but its composition has
entirely changed; from being an inequality determined in equal measures by class
and location, it has become preponderantly an inequality determined by location
only.”
Highlights a shift in global inequality over time
There has been a change in the composition of global inequality
Increased overall inequality
Change in composition of inequality
Location based inequality
- Said by Milanovic
- Inequality is less btwn classes, more btwn countries
- Significant bc the poorest of the poor in USA is 35x better off than the poorest in Zambia
- Rich countries income compared to poor countries income is now close to 100:1
31
don't as, don't tell
A USA policy regarding the service of openly LGBTQ individuals in the military
Prohibited from asking about one's sexual preferences
Don't tell other about your sexual preferences
Policy aimed to strike balance between allowing individuals to serve in the military without discrimination
Obama admin made efforts to remove this law, to allow people serving to feel free about their own personal identity
- Policy for service providers to not ask for citizenship info before providing essential services
- If they find out about their immigration info, they shouldn't tell immigration services
- Those who are undocumented can access health care & basic services & live w/o fear of deportation
- Kids should be able to go to school without fear
32
Season Agricultural Workers Program (SAWP)
- immigrants generally work in sectors where they are less qualified or not qualified at all
Canadian govt initiative that allows farmers and agricultural employers in Canada to temporarily hire foreign workers
Temporary foreign worker program
Participating countries
Seasonal employment
Employer responsibilities
33
climate refugees
Refers to people who were forced out of their homes or communities due to the impact of climate change
Forced displacement
Global impact
Lack of legal recognition
Migration and challenges
34
David Schweickart’s model of market socialism
He is a political philosopher and economist known for advocating a model of economic organization
His model aims to combine benefits of market mechanism with social principles
Worker self-management
Market based economy
Social dividends and economic planning
- Alternative to capitalism
- 3 major components: worker co-ops, market sys w/ interventionist state, investment controlled by public banks
- Alternative w/ options that we have seen before
35
american imperialism
Refers to the political, economic and cultural influence pursued by the USA
Territorial expansion
Military interventions
Economic influences
Cultural influence
- When USA imposes values on others
- Significant bc its problematic
- EX: when PM Mossadegh of Iran was overthrown bc he nationalized a British-owner oil company
- The coup initiated a period of 25 years of repressions and torture
36
eco-socialism
Ideology that combines aspects of socialism with ecological concerns
Environenttal sustainability
Social justice
Anti-capitalism
Global cooperation
- Socialism w/ focus on working & consuming less
- 2 main components: less work & less consumption
- Guaranteed economic security for all
- Unconditional basic income so people could live the lives they want
37
basic income
Concept in economics and social policy that involves providing all individuals or households with regular unconditional payments
Regular payments
Simplicity and efficiency
Poverty reduction
Greater Financial Security
- Program where everyone receives an unconditional income
- Significant bc it can eliminate poverty, allow people to live lives as volunteers, or to go to school w/o as much worry
- Quality of life would go up, as there would be less pressure on having money to live
38
first wave feminism
- between 1848-1920
- right to vote was the primary goal
- mainly consisted of liberal feminists
- achieved goal of getting women the right to vote in 1920
- suffrage movement not always peaceful (ex: Emily Davidson stepping out in front King George V's horse, inevitably dying)
- many white women were outraged by the 15th amendment which granted black men the right to vote
Refers to a period when feminist activism and movement took place in the late19th century and 20th century
Legal rights
Social and political equality
Education awareness
Suffrage
39
second wave feminism
- fueled by radical feminist theory
- betty freiden 'the feminist mystique' (1963) & Simone de Beavouir 'the second sex' (1949)
- social equality is an important political equality
- successes = reproductive rights (birth control, Wade vs. Roe, marital rape, domestic violence)
- still somewhat exclusive
- 1960s
Feminist activism and thought that emerged in the 1960 lasted to 1980 expanded upon the first wave
Gender equality
Reproductive rights
Challenging gender roles
Cultural and social critique
40
third wave feminism
- 1991 - present
- started in 1990s when Anita Hill testified that she was sexually harassed by supreme court nominee Clarence Thomas
- sex vs. gender (Judith Butler)
- equality for LGBTQI2S+ individuals
- trans inclusive
- Gen of feminism
- Beginning in the 90s
- Response to the lack of intersectionality of second wave
- Focus on respecting diffs
- How oppression happens among black women, queer women, & trans women
41
intersectionality
- coined by Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989
- helps us understand the ways in which multiple aspects of our identities intersect and compound to create unique experiences
- these experiences are not mutually exclusive
- the idea that we all have the same life is false. race, class, gender come together to shape the life chances of people in very different ways
- structures of oppression
42
sex vs. gender
Mainstream understanding:
- there are 2 biological sexes: male and female (and intersex), defined by primary sex characteristics (genitalia and chromosomes)
- the idea that this biological differences leads directly and always to gender attributes
- biological males = men, which means that they are naturally strong, aggressive, sexually promiscuous, active, etc.
- biological females = women, which mean they are naturally weak, submissive, sexually restrained, passive, etc
- sex = gender
Feminist understanding:
- sex does not equal gender
- biological sex is fixed and natural
- gender is not at all fixed it is socially constructed
- different cultures will have very different ideas about how boys should act and how women should act
- while every culture will have male and female biology, each culture will have different ideas of what it means to be a man or a women
- gender comes from culture picked through socialization
- current gender norms are not neutral - they benefit men and oppress women
43
gendered division of labour
- problem with gendered assumptions that women are natural caregivers and men are natural breadwinners is that it leads to all kinds of inequalities
- means women will take more time off work then men
- women will advance more slowly in their careers, get paid less
- becomes economically rational for bosses to discriminate against women
As a result...
- women end us significantly poorer than men
- only way for women to get ahead is to sacrifice having a family
- women are overworked
- women shut out from highest echelons of public life
44
cisgender
- biological sex lines up in the conventional way wit the gender that feels right for you
- transgender = biological sex does not line up in the conventional way with the gender expression that feels right for you
- Significant bc it has a kind of privilege that those who are not cis are affected by
- In contrast to being transgender, or gender fluid, etc
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black lives matter
Social movement originated in the USA
Combatting systemic racism
Ending police violence
Advocating for social justice
Community empowerment
- Movement to protest police brutality against African Americans
- Significant bc unarmed black Americans are 7x more likely to be killed by police than unarmed white people
- Sparked after the death of Trayvon Martin
Social Justice
flashcards
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