1
Q
What are some examples of intangible power?
A
- patriotism, nationalism (national morale)
- nature of government (democratic vs. authoritarian, bureaucratic inertia)
- leadership (personality, ideals, dogma, etc.)
- technology and innovation
- ideology, education, religion
2
Q
What are some examples of tangible power?
A
- national core (population, territory/geography)
- natural resources
- level of economic development (national infrastructure, GDP, etc.)
- military capability
3
Q
What is power?
A
- the ability to influence or control another’s mind
- promoting national interest and maintaining national security (in the international world)
4
Q
What is animus dominandi?
A
- a lust for power without limits that exists universally as an inner force, an element of the human soul
- lust for power is not concerned with survival
- Hans Morgenthau
5
Q
What are Hans Morgenthau’s thoughts about power in politics?
A
- Power is “…anything that establishes and maintains the control of man over man”
- It has to do with man’s “…control over the minds and actions of other men”
- Power politics at the global scale is a consequence of this operation of power at the scale of individuals in society
- if a State gives up, it will fall victim to the power of others
6
Q
What are the characteristics of power?
A
- Power is relational (think US vs USSR, US vs China)
- Means, not an end
Karl Deutsch: “power is the currency of politics” – money means to goods and services; power means to what? - Power based on Perception
- Multidimensional (think hard vs soft power)
- Total amount of political power is fixed “zero-sum game” vs “positive-sum game”
- National power is dynamic: Power can increase or decrease
- Institutionalization of power
Steve Krasner: “meta-power” – control outcome through institutions and systems (IMF, UN, etc. and the US’ power vs China)
7
Q
What are carrots and sticks?
A
- carrots are positive inducement of force/influence (think foreign aid and public diplomacy)
- sticks are negative threats of force/influence (think sanctions and war)
8
Q
According to Kenneth Waltz, what does power gives states?
A
- Maintenance of autonomy
- Increased freedom of action
- Great margin of safety
- Greater influence in int’l community
9
Q
What are the 11 ways to maintain the balance of power (BOP)?
A
- divide and rule
- territorial adjustment
- buffer states
- alliances
- spheres of influence
- intervention
- diplomacy
- peaceful settlements
- arms control
- arms race
- war
10
Q
What is international law?
A
- Body of rules that states and other agents accept as binding obligations in the world community
- Goal of public good for the international community
- Different from national laws which are specified in Constitutions, superior to all laws: weaker hierarchy exist in int’l law
11
Q
What are the 3 features of international law?
A
- International norms and rules
- Applicable primarily to states but increasingly non-state actors also - MNCs, INGOs, individuals, etc
- Depend on voluntary compliance more so than in domestic law (no authority to make, interpret, or enforce
12
Q
What are some examples of international norms and rules?
A
- State rights & duties – self-determination, self-defense, non-intervention, polluting high seas, treaty obligations
- Jurisdiction – diplomatic sanctity, criminal prosecution (extradition,) SOFA status of forces agreement
- Law of the sea (UNCLOS) – EEZ, flag state
- Air space/Outer space (ADIZ) – passage consent, flag state
- War (jus in bello) – POWs, civilians, hostages
13
Q
Who is Hugo Grotius?
A
- Hugo Grotius (1583~1645) is considered the “father of international law”
- Adam Smith described him in 1762 as “the first…to give the world anything like a regular system of natural jurisprudence”
- laid the foundations for international law based on natural law
- Noted books: De Jure Belli ac Pacis [On the Law of War and Peace] dedicated to Louis XIII of France and Mare Liberum [The Free Seas]
- First to define the idea of one society of states governed not by force or warfare but by actual laws and mutual agreement to enforce those laws
14
Q
What did Hugo Grotius address in his writings?
A
- Jus ad Bellum with a focus on the doctrine of self-defense;
- Jus in Bello (Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 embraced his notion of a prohibition on unnecessary suffering;
- Rights of Individuals (precursor of modern international human rights law - right to life, food, medicine, and for the protection of non-combatants during war);
- Humanitarian Intervention
- Freedom of the Seas - freedom of navigation (direct link between Grotius’ concept of freedom of the seas and the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea)
15
Q
When is war considered just?
A
- Just War Doctrine
When can a war be waged and how should it be carried out
Moral conditions for undertaking a just war - Jus Ad Bellum (justice in resorting to war):
Just cause
Last resort
Competent authority
Limited objective (unlimited war immoral)
Reasonable hope of success (vain wars not justified) - Jus In Bello (justice in war):
Discrimination norm – military vs civilian
Proportionality norm – means vs goals
16
Q
What does the UN Charter Article 2 (4) state?
A
All members shall refrain from threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence of any state
17
Q
What is the realist approach to international law?
A
- Command Theory of Law
- Only law backed by force is law
- Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan: “covenants without swords are but words”; “where there is no common power, there is no law”
- Force compliance by force or threat of its use - obedience
- John Austin (English jurist, 1790-1859): “the command of the sovereign”
- International law vs sovereignty – Humanitarian Intervention? Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?
18
Q
What is the behavioralist approach to international law?
A
- voluntary habits of compliance
- Rules and norms habitually followed – paying tax, obeying traffic lights, respecting private properties, etc.
- Legitimacy in law and public institutions
- Understanding that compliance best serves both public and personal interests
- Balance between enforcement and legitimacy
19
Q
What are the 4 main sources of international law?
A
- according to article 38 of the statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ, successor of the League of Nations’ PCIJ or permanent court of international justice):
- International treaties and agreements
- Custom (common law)
- General principles of law
- Judicial decision and teachings of influential writers on international law
20
Q
What are international treaties and agreements and how are they observed?
A
- Formal, binding legal agreement between states
- Explicit norms based on the consent of multi-states – binding obligations
[Codification of existing practices vs creation of new norms
UN Charter, 3rd Law of the Sea Convention (1982), Montreal Protocol (1987), Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961), NPT (1968)] - Pacta sunt servanda – treaties must be observed
- Rebus sic stantibus – exceptions to compliance caused by fundamental change in original treaty conditions or circumstances [1. under duress; 2. exploitation; 3. instrument of power; 4. fraud]
think: Korea-Japan Treaty 1965 – “comfort women”?
21
Q
What is custom in international law?
A
- common law
- Customary rules
Universality and repeated usage regulated by customs
State practice – behavior and action
(ex: diplomatic immunity, exemption of noncombatants from attack during wartime) - Opinio juris: necessary to establish a legally binding custom, meaning a subjective obligation to be bound to the law in question
- ex: Paquette Havana case, 1900
Paquete Habana & Lola: a case of US Supreme Court recognizing that capturing fishing vessels as prizes of war violated customary international law [Spanish-American War]
22
Q
What are some examples of international law working?
A
- international law is for the prevention of war and minimization of human suffering
- The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, the first multilateral treaties that addressed the conduct of warfare
- Kellog-Briand Pact (1928) pact - outlaw war
- UN Charter 2 (4) states that States should refrain from threat or use of force against other States
- international law contributes to the peace and stability of the international system
23
Q
Do sanctions work?
A
- failed in North Korea, Russia, and Iran
- worked in 1994 in South Africa (stopped apartheid)
- worked in Libya (ended its weapons of mass destruction program in 2003)
- Liberia (2005) complying with the peace agreement and democratic process
24
Q
What are the human rights as stated by the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights and the UN?
A
- include the right to life and liberty
- freedom from slavery and torture
- freedom of opinion and expression
- the right to work and education
- all are universal, indivisible, interdependent, interrelated
25
What is the oldest known writing of human rights?
- Cyrus the Great (1st Persian Empire) (6th Century BC)
- Cyrus cylinder
- UN declared the relic in 1971 an “ancient declaration of human rights”
- Freedom to slaves(Jews freed from Babylonian captivity), religious freedom, restore temples, improve lives, allow, etc.
- spread to Greece, India, and Rome
26
What is Roman 'Natural Law'?
people follow without being commanded but despotic rulers abuse power
27
What is the Magna Carta?
- King John of England, issued 6.15.1215
- Symbol of liberty, democracy, and human rights
- Known as the “the Great Charter”
- Inspired British Bill of Rights (1689), US Declaration of Independence (1776) and Constitution (1788), French Revolution (1789-99/“Liberté, égalité, fraternité”)
- Concepts of Roman Natural Law become Natural Rights (French)
28
What is the UN Charter Preamble?
- reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small”
29
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
- issued 12.10.1948
- Article 1: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”
- adopted by the UN General Assembly, drafting committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt
- not legally binding
- translated into over 501 languages
30
What were FDR's four freedoms in his State of the Union address in 1941?
- freedom of speech
- freedom of worship
- freedom from want
- freedom from fear
31
What are the worst crimes in international law?
- crimes against humanity
- war crimes
- genocide
- ethnic cleansing
32
What are the International Covenants?
- adopted in 1966 by the UN on human rights
- first human rights law "born" September 1976
- International covenant of economic, social, and cultural rights (ICESCR)
- ICESCR: labor, medical health, marriage, education
- international covenant of civil and political rights (ICCPR)
- ICCPR: life, justice, protection of children, travel and movement.
- universal declaration of human rights (UDHR)
- all 3 covenants = international bill of human rights
33
What is the ICESCR?
- International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
- commits its parties to work toward the granting of economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) to the Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories and individuals, including labor rights and the right to health, the right to education, the right to an adequate standard of living, etc.
- 4 major areas: labor, marriage, education, medical health
34
What is the ICCPR?
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- commits its parties to respect the civil and political rights of individuals, including the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process, a fair trial, etc.
- 4 major areas: protection of children, life, travel and movement, justice
35
What are some examples of International Law in action regarding human rights?
- UNSC Resolution 827 (1993) established the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
- UNSC Resolution 955 (1994) established the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
- UN and the Cambodian government jointly set up in 2003 the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia in order to prosecute Kmer Rouge culprits – “Killing Fields” / Introduction of Hybrid Court
36
What is the Human Rights Council?
- a part of the UN General Assembly
- established March 15, 2006 and replaced the then 60-year-old UN Commission on Human Rights as the key UN gov't body responsible for human rights
- 47 state representatives; tasked with strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights worldwide
- conducts "Universal Periodic Review" that review human rights records of all 193 UN member states once every 4 years
37
What is the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights?
- exercises principal responsibility for UN human rights activities. The High Commissioner is mandated to respond to serious violations of human rights and to undertake preventive action.
38
What is COI?
- Commissions of Inquiry
- UNHR established in March 2013 (for DPRK)
- investigates and reports on human rights violations
- BEFORE COI, it was the United Nations Security Council resolutions that handled these efforts
39
What is an IGO and its purposes?
- delivering services and aid (WHO, International Monetary Fund, IMF)
- providing forums for negotiation (EU)
- settling disputes (World Trade Organization, WTO)
- the members are states (3+ states)
- include UN and regional like Organization of the American States (OAS - includes US, Canada, Barbados, Argentina, Jamaica, etc.), EU
40
What is an NGO and its purposes?
- example includes World Vision, Red Cross, Amnesty International, Habitat for Humanity, etc.
- multipurpose like IGOs
41
What are the purposes of international organizations?
- Facilitate transnational relations within the global society
- can trace back to Greek City-states period
- Delian League? - Founded and led by Athens in 478 BC to fend off the Persians (alliance between small city states)
42
What are the approaches to international organizations?
- World Federalism?
Centralization of political power in global system
Dante Alighieri, Of Monarchy (1313) – calls for a unified world government as best way to promote peace; Jean-Jacques Rousseau – institution based on laws key to people becoming good; Immanuel Kant, On Perpetual Peace (1795) – calls for world federal state to bring about international peace and justice; Woodrow Wilson – League of Nations
- Collective Security
“An attack on one is an attack on all”
League of Nations, Articles 10 & 16 (reason why US stayed out)
- International Peacekeeping
3 principles: 1) Consent of the parties; 2) Impartiality; 3) Non-use of force except in self-defense and defense of the mandate
- Third Party Dispute Settlement
Good offices, mediation, arbitration
- Functionalism
29 UN specialized agencies
WHO, UNESCO, FAO
43
What are the goals of the United Nations?
- Maintain international peace and security
- Uphold human rights and international law
- Develop friendly relations among nations
- Achieve international cooperation
- Ensure sustainable development
- Protect climate and environment
- Provide humanitarian aid
- Solve global issues
44
What are the UN Bodies?
- 6 main bodies
- 1) General Assembly: universal representation, vote on issues
- 2) Security Council: maintenance of international peace and security
- 3) Economic and Social Council:
Principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue and recommendations on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as implementation of internationally agreed development goals. It has 54 members elected by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms.
- 4) Trusteeship Council:
Established in 1945 by the UN Charter to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories. Completed by 1994 self-government or independence. The Trusteeship Council suspended operation in 1994.
- 5) International Court of Justice:
Principal judicial organ of the UN. Only one not located in New York. Mission to settle legal disputes by states.
- 6) Secretariat:
The Secretariat comprises the Secretary-General and staff members who carry out the day-to-day UN work as mandated by the General Assembly and other principal bodies. SG is Chief Administrative Officer appointed by the GA on the recommendation of the SC for a 5-year, renewable term.
45
What are the UN Security Council's subsidiary bodies?
- Article 29 of the Charter allows the Security Council to have subsidiary bodies; there are 4
- A) Committees
Counter-Terrorism Committee; Non-Proliferation Committee; Military Staff Committee; Sanctions Committees (comprehensive economic and trade sanctions and/or more targeted measures such as arms embargoes, travel bans, financial or diplomatic restrictions); Standing Committees and Ad Hoc Bodies (open-ended)
- B) Peacekeeping Operations and Political Missions
- C) International Courts and Tribunals
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993, first international war-crimes tribunal since the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals. Also the Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in 1994).
- D) Advisory Body
The Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) is an intergovernmental advisory body that supports peace efforts in countries emerging from conflict, and is a key addition to the capacity of the International Community in the broad peace agenda.
46
What is the UNSC P5?
- 5 member states that have veto power with the Security Council
- 1 veto can halt whatever proceedings should have gone forth
- USA
- Russia
- China
- United Kingdom
- France
47
What are the G4 nations?
- Brazil
- Germany
- India
- Japan
- support each other's bids for permanent seats (in UNSC)
48
What are the two types of NGOs?
- Advocacy NGOs which aim to influence governments with a specific goal or cause
- Operational NGOs which provide services and provided development projects
49
Why the surge in IGOs and NGOs?
- Rise in international contact requiring routine and regulation
- Growing interdependence
- Proliferation of transnational problems
Nuclear, environment, human rights, terrorism, hunger, disease, etc.
Failure of state-centric system
Increase in transnational political and religious movements
50
What is international security?
- International security involves activities and measures by states and IOs that ensure mutual survival and safety
- 3 classifications: Military actions
Diplomatic agreements
Closely linked to national security
- War is instrument of last resort for settling global conflicts
- International wars: direct and unlimited use of military force
- Low-intensity warfare involve covert, unconventional, indirect use of force
- German historian Max Weber: “The decisive means for politics is violence”
- Writer of Roman Empire Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus: “If you want peace, prepare for war” (Si vis pacem, para bellum)
51
What is comprehensive security?
- Traditional or conventional modes of military power; Causes and consequences of war; Economic strength; Ethnic, religious and ideological conflicts; Trade and economic conflicts; Energy supplies; science and technology; Human security – infectious disease, famine, pandemic, human rights, refugees, etc.; Environmental degradation – climate change, SD, etc.; Terrorism
- Traditionally focused on military matters
52
What does Kenneth Waltz say about war?
- wrote Man, the State, and War (1959)
- 3 images of analysis used to explain conflict in the international system: individuals, states, and international system
- individuals: Wars caused by the nature of a political leader (Napoleon, Saddam Hussein, etc.) consistent with Classical Realism
- states: War caused by the domestic makeup of states
Lenin's theory of imperialism, which posits that the main cause of war is rooted in the need for capitalist states to continue opening up new markets to perpetuate their economic system at home
Non-democratic states tend to start wars
- international system: Most importantly, the cause of war is found at the systemic level
The anarchic structure of the international system causes wars
“Anarchy" means there is no sovereign body that governs the interactions between autonomous nation-states
Nobody above nation-states that is capable of establishing rules or laws for all the states
53
What are some of the key arms control treaties?
- Geneva Conference (1864): deals with the relief system of those wounded in war
- Hague Convention (1899 & 1907): series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at two international peace conferences in the Netherlands. Also the first time laws of war and war crimes is discussed
- Washington Naval Conference 1922: stop a naval arms race
- Geneva Conference 1925: main focus was chemical weapons prohibitions
- Kellog-Briand Pact 1928: Germany, France, USA - renounce the use of war and call for peaceful settlements to disputes
- Baruch Plan 1946: a report to the UN Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) in 1946
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968
- SALT I: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (US-Soviet Union) May 1972
- SALT II: June 1979-until 1985
- START I: 1991 (USA, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakstan, Belarus) Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
- START II: 1993 - bilateral USA and Russia
- New START: April 2010 (USA and Russia)
- ABM 1972: USA-USSR (Anti-Ballistic Missle)
- INF 1987: USA-Russia, limit intermediate-range missiles (Trump withdrew in 2018 to start building more missiles to keep up with Russia)
- Chemical Weapons Convention 1993: arms control treaty which outlaws the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors.
- CTBT 1996: Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (ban all nuclear explosions)
- Missile Technology Control Regime 1987: MTCR (an informal and voluntary association of countries which share the goals of non-proliferation of unmanned delivery systems capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction)
54
What is the difference between arms control, arms race, and disarmament?
- arms race: competition between two or more states to produce larger and better weapons system, greater armed forces, and superior military technology. There is no ceiling to the race, only the relative goal of staying ahead of the other competitors
- arms control: restrictions on the development production, stockpiling, proliferation and use of weapons – weapons of mass destruction in particular
Increase in nuclear arsenal in the 50s-60s call for increased arms control mechanism. Could involve enforcing limitations upon a non-consenting country
- disarmament: Generally refers to the concept of total elimination of WMD or a certain type of conventional arms (e.g.: Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, 1997; Bangkok Treaty (South East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone), 1995; Biological Weapons Convention, 1972; Chemical Weapons Convention, 1992; Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, 1996)
55
What are the Hague Conventions?
- series of international treaties and declarations negotiated at international conferences in the Netherlands.
- was proposed on 24 August 1898 by Russian Tsar Nicholas II. The conference opened on 18 May 1899, signed on 29 July, and entered into force on 4 September 1900.
- 1907 was proposed by President Theodore Roosevelt
56
What is the Global North?
refer to the world’s wealthy, industrialized countries located primarily in the Northern Hemisphere
57
What is the Global South?
now often used instead of “The Third World” to designate the less-developed countries located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere
58
What is IPE?
- international political economy
- Study of the intersection of politics and economics that illuminates why changes occur in the distribution of states’ wealth and power
59
What is the North-South Problem?
- Plato: here should exist neither extreme poverty nor excessive wealth, for both are productive of great evil”
- Aristotle: "wide differences in income are a source of war"
- The North-South problem relates to the disparity of economic and social development in the two regions
- In particular dealing with trade and aid
60
What is the UNCTAD?
- UN Conference on Trade and Development (1964)
- main forum to discuss the North-South problem
- international finance
- export promotion for developing countries
- economic cooperation between the developing countries
- transfer of technology
- environment versus development
- development loans
61
What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?
- An index that calculates the true rate of exchange among currencies when parity is achieved; the index determines what can be bought with a unit of each currency – GDP (nominal) vs GDP (PPP)
- The equalization of the purchasing power of different currencies by eliminating the differences in price levels between countries
62
What is the New International Economic Order (NIEO) ?
the 1974 policy resolution in the UN that called for a North-South dialogue to open the way for the less-developed countries of the Global South to participate more fully in the making of international economic policy
63
What is the purpose of World Bank and IMF in economic globalization?
the two compliment each other to bring about economic stability in similar fashion to the UN and political stability
64
What is the Bretton Woods system of 1944?
- new international monetary system forged by 44 nations in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to ensure exchange rate stability, prevent competitive devaluations, and promote economic growth
- Established the first monetary order to govern international monetary system where IMF and World Bank (IBRD/IDA) were established
- Exchange rate of states “pegged” to US dollar
- review slide #6 in Lecture #12
65
What are the major sources of conflict between North-South?
- disparity in economic patterns
- Uneven development
- Different levels of wealth
- Income inequality
- Democracy
- Political and economic freedom
66
What environmental issues are a part of international relations?
- Human rights, health, environment → universal value
- Population & Food
- Resources
- Forest & Land
- Pollution
67
What factors have a caused a rapid increase in population?
- poverty
- mortality rate
- food
- health
- medicine
- war/peace
68
What is the Greenhouse effect?
- One of the harmful consequences of air pollution
- Phenomenon of global warming because gases hold the earth’s solar radiation much like a greenhouse traps solar heat within a greenhouse
- CO² fossil fuel burning and other chemical gas discharges (methane, fluorinated gases, nitrous oxide, water vapor, ozone) → upper atmosphere blanket effect → trap heat → prevent nightly cooling
69
What are some global efforts to solving environmental issues?
- Paris Agreement 2015: Aim to fight climate change by limiting global temperature increase in this century to below 2 degrees Celsius, while limiting the increase to 1.5 degrees
- The Kyoto Protocol 1992 (ended in 2012): US and Canada pull out, China and India exempted for as developing nations (but contributed the most)
- Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987)
70
What are the 4 different visions of the global future?
- Daddy Bush: New World Order (after Cold War ended), Pax Americana?
- Francis Fukuyama: End of History and the Last Man (1992); liberal democracy has won; economic and political liberalism
- Samuel Huntington: Clash of civilization (1993) in response to Fukuyama; ideological war ended but cultural wars have not; identities bring people together and push others apart; West vs The Rest
- Benjamin Barber: “Jihad vs. McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism are Reshaping the World” (1995); Simultaneous trend of Globalization and Fragmentation;
71
What are the UN's Millennium Development Goals (MDG)?
- To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- To achieve universal primary education
- To promote gender equality and empower women
- To reduce child mortality
- To improve maternal health
- To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- To ensure environmental sustainability
- To develop a global partnership for development
72
What are the UN's Sustainable Development Goals? (SDG)
- 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of 17 aspirational "Global Goals" with 169 targets
- include: ending poverty and hunger, improving health and education, making cities more sustainable, combating climate change, and protecting oceans and forests
73
What is the JCPOA?
- Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, also called the Iran deal, of 2015
- dealing with Iran's nuclear program
- Iran agreed to eliminate its stockpile of medium-enriched uranium, cut its stockpile of low-enriched uranium by 98%, and reduce by about 2/3 the number of its gas centrifuges for 13 years; IAEA monitoring, other limits, etc.
- USA, EU, UNSC all lifted economic sanctions
- President Trump pulled out in 2018
- Iran mocked President Obama
- Iran now making new demands and President Biden says if all else fails, USA will use military
- NOT A TREATY
-
74
Who are the Sunni?
- The great majority of the world's more than 1.5 billion Muslims are Sunnis – 85-90%
- In the Middle East, Sunnis make up 90% or more of the populations of Egypt, Jordan and Saudi Arabia
- Sunnis regard themselves as the orthodox branch of Islam. The name "Sunni" is derived from the phrase "Ahl al-Sunnah" or "People of the Tradition“ - practices based on what the Prophet Muhammad said, did, agreed to or condemned
- Elite members of the Islamic community should choose successor
75
Who are the Shia?
- Shia constitute about 10% of all Muslims, and globally their population is estimated at between 150-200 million.
- Shia Muslims are in the majority in Iran, Iraq, Bahrain, Azerbaijan, and Yemen. There are also large Shia communities in Afghanistan, India, Kuwait, Lebanon, Pakistan, Qatar, Syria, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
- In early Islamic history, the Shia was a movement - literally "Shiat Ali" or the "Party of Ali".
- Ali (cousin and son-in-law) the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad as leader (imam) of the Muslim community following his death in 632
76
What was the Iraq-Iran War of 1980-1988?
- Iraq worried the 1979 Iranian Revolution would lead Iraq's Shi'ite majority to rebel against the Ba'athist government
- Border disputes also a factor (Iraq planned to annex the oil-rich area)
77
What are the objectives of terror and terrorism?
- To change political status quo or to sustain existing political order
- Agitational objective: promoting dissident group, advertising agenda, discrediting rivals grounded in anti-colonial, separatism (ETA [Euskadi Ta Askatasuna] Basque Homeland and Liberty/Basque Country and Freedom), religion (Islamic Jihad), or secular ideology (Japanese Red Army)
- Coercive objective: disorient target group, inflate perceived power of dissident group, provoke overreaction from gov’t to adopt repressive policies that will play to their hand
- Organizational objective: acquire resources, group cohesion, maintain supporters, high initiation costs ensure allegiance (violent act participation lower chance of group defection) in group
- In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary General report described terrorism as any act "intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act"
78
What does jihad mean?
- to struggle in the way of Allah
- a person engaged in jihad is called a mujahid (plural: mujahideen)
- Jihad is an important religious duty for Muslims
- There are two commonly accepted meanings of jihad: an inner spiritual struggle and an outer physical struggle
- The "greater jihad" is the inner struggle by a believer to fulfill his religious duties
- The "lesser jihad" is the physical struggle against the enemies of Islam
- The proponents of the violent form translate jihad as "holy war“
79
What is the Muslim Brotherhood?
- Muslim Brotherhood is a transnational Islamic political organization which was founded in Egypt in 1928
- Started as a religious social organization; preaching Islam, teaching the illiterate, setting up hospitals and even launching commercial enterprises
- political party elected in Egypt (2012)
- The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and Sunnah as the "sole reference point for ...ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community ... and state.“
80
What is Hezbollah?
- Shi'a Muslim militant group based in Lebanon (lit. Party of God)
- receives financial and political support from Iran and Syria
- first emerged in 1982 in response to Israeli invasion of Lebanon, during the Lebanese civil war
- Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto lists goals that include the destruction of the state of Israel
81
What is the Palestinian Islamic Jihad?
- an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, was created to strengthen efforts to prevent Israel from occupying Palestinian territories
- inspired by 1979 Iranian Revolution
- founded to fight for the sovereignty of Palestine and freedom from Israel
- financial backing from Syria and Iran
- primarily in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
82
What is Hamas?
- , "Islamic Resistance Movement,“ is the Palestinian Sunni Islamic political party that governs the Gaza Strip; Hamas also has a military wing
- 2007; has governed the Gaza portion of the Palestinian Territories after it won a majority of seats in the Palestinian Parliament in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections
- Goal to liberate Palestine from Israel and to establish an Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip
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What is Al-Qaeda?
- Al Qaeda founded in the late 1980s by Osama bin Laden and Muhammad Atef
- Al-Qaeda calls for the use of violence and force in bringing about the end of non-Islamic governments and, in particular, a wish to drive the US armed forces out of Saudi Arabia and Somalia
- responsible for 9/11 and US Embassy in Nairobi, Kenya
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What is ISIS?
- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant / Islamic State of Iraq and Syria / Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham / Islamic State
- Islamic extremist group controlling territory in Iraq and Syria, limited parts of Libya and Nigeria, and other parts of the world, including Southeast Asia
- On 29 June 2014, the group proclaimed itself to be a worldwide caliphate (a form of Islamic government), with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi being named its caliph
- As caliphate, it claims religious, political and military authority over all Muslims worldwide
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What is China's 9 dashed line concept?
- Demarcation line used by both PRC and ROC in their claim in the South China Sea
- Includes the Paracel Islands (occupied by China but claimed by Vietnam) and Spratly Islands disputed by the Philippines, China, Brunei, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam
- Possible vast mineral resources, including oil
- Was once ‘Eleven-Dotted U-shape Line’ when first appeared in 1948 (KMT announced)
- PRC (mainland China) revised to ‘nine-dotted line’
- ROC (Taiwan) adopts this as well as its rationale for claims over the Spratly and Paracel Islands.
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Who are the 6-party talks referring to?
- USA
- Russia
- China
- North Korea
- South Korea
- Japan
- basically to discuss what to do about North Korea
- NK, China, Russia vs USA, SK, Japan
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What threats are still in the global future?
- chemical weapons (mustard gas, sarin, etc.)
- bioweapons (anthrax, yellow fever, plague, etc.)
