the benefits of public speaking
1.Gain confidence and competence, 2.develop professional and personal 3.skills, increase critical thinking skills.
benefits professional and personal skills
1.speaking and listening on the job
2.speaking about social issues
3.speaking in social situations
4.oral/written communication important to your potential employers
public speaking affects culture in four ways
- transmit cultural resources
- reinforce existing cultural elements
- restore matters into a healthy state
- transform society in social change
transactional model
- sender encodes message
2 sender encodes message through message channel to receiver
- receiver decodes message
- receiver encodes feedback
- receiver sends feedback through feedback channel to the sender
- sender decodes the feedback
- the Prescence of the noise throughout the process
- process completed when sender decodes/clarifies the feedback
five conons of rhetoric
1 invention- creating the speech.
- arrangement- organizing speech materials
- style- choosing effective language
- memory- learning the major ideas
5 delivery- delivering the speech.
performance anxiety
1.highest just before the speech
2.descends throughout the speech presentation
ethical commmunication
the conscience decision to speak and listen in ways that you in light of your cultural ideals consider right, fair. and honest and helpful to others as well as yourself
speaking ethically dialogical priciples
- equality- opionions
- empathy- with another perspctives
- examination- look at your and all assumeption
academic honetsty avoid plaguarism
give credit whenever you use somebody else words or ides or creative works whether taken from library resources, the in
types of plagerism
a. deliberate fraud=stealing
b. cut and paste copy error
c. improper paraphrase fails to put in own words and cite the source.
listening skills are valuable
- after 48 hours, average listeners recall only about 25% of what they hear
- most common skill in the workplace
3 listening skills are good job skills;80% of execs list as #1
thesis a statement
- a single declarative sentence that names the speech subjects and stablishes its significance
- sometimes referred to as the central idea
- incorporate into the introduction
primary vs secondary sources
primary
a. created by individuals or groups directly involved with events- participants. and observers
b. include originals documents, creative works, relics and artifacts
secondary sources
a. a step away from the events
b. typically created after the events. occured
c. summaries, interpretations
purposes of a speech introduction
draw listeners attention to the topic.
motivate the audience.
to listen
yourself as knowledgeable
preview the major ideas.
) Purposes of a Speech Conclusion
- Signal the ending
- Verbal and nonverbal signals
- Review your main ideas
- Make the review brief
- Provide closure - Refer to your introduction (echo)
Inclusive Language
- “Ethical terminology that affirms and includes, rather than excludes, persons or groups of people.”
- Demonstrates knowledge of audience
- Adds to your credibility as a speaker
) Inclusive Language Avoids…
- Sexist Language
- Creating Invisibility
- Ageist Language
- Negative slurs
- Racist Language
- Dismissive language
- Nonparallel Language
- Undue emphasis on differences
- Stereotyping
Eye Contact
- Beware of cultural norms
- Projects confidence in America
- Look around the entire room
- Do not favor specific segments
.
Vocal Behaviors-
- Pronunciation - articulation and stress
- Affected by regional, ethnic, and social experiences
- Vocal variation
Persuasive Claims
- “An assertion that is disputable or open for challenge”
- The Three Types of Claims
- Fact 2. Value 3. Policy
Aristotle ~ 3 types of persuasive reasoning proofs - Logos
a proofs provided by the words of speech
b Logical appeals - Pathos
a Putting audience into a certain frame of mind
b Emotional appeals - Ethos
a personal character of the speaker
b Speaker credibility appeals
