1
Q
Who were the guest workers in Germany?
A
Turks, Italians, and the Portuguese
2
Q
who were part of the Bracero Program in the US
A
Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Jamaicans
3
Q
what would be the “perfect immigrant”
A
after finishing their contract they leave
4
Q
Why was there the Guest Worker program in Germany?
A
due to Post-War labor shortages
5
Q
what does Gastarbeiter mean ?
A
recruitment of foreign workers
6
Q
what are the impacts and the legacy of the guest workers program?
A
-economic contribution
- social integration challenges
- permanent settlement
- influence on immigration policy
7
Q
Where does the term Bracero come from?
A
It comes from the the word Brazos, meaning arms
8
Q
What was the Bracero Program of 1943
A
- The state acted as a Padrone system
- Went from state control to private decisions
- Deportation became the new form of punishment
9
Q
How were workers organized in Europe?
A
- European Unions protected guest workers
10
Q
How were workers organized in the US?
A
- Cesar Chavez and the National Farm Workers Association
- Organized workers were in California, Texas, Arizona and Florida
- US Unions against guest workers
11
Q
What was the Live-In Caregiver Program (1992-2019)
A
- attracted mainly Filipino Women
- Euphemism for domestic servants for wealthy families
- program was replaced for home child care provider and home support workers
- problematic program as gov cannot exercise control in private households
12
Q
Why do workers accept these kind of jobs?
A
- effects of globalization and structural reforms
- labour and immigration is a permanent issue
- in the case of Canada: the reward of a permanent resident visa
13
Q
Problems for workers accepting these kind of jobs?
A
- language barriers, expensive cost, living in distant places
- declined applications delays family reunification
- early termination of contract puts workers in limbo
14
Q
Why were guest workers the perfect migrants?
A
- growing hostility to millions who moved
- labor organizations opposed importation of contract workers who would likely “break strikes, depress conditions, and work for lower wages”
- undermine national identity and racial purity
- temporary labor schemes were state brokered compromises to maintain high levels of migration, while being anti immigration
- bound as indentured servants, but could be disciplined with deportation
- states would receive ready workers without having to integrate them into society
- cheap labor, little responsibility
15
Q
what was the origins of guest worker programs?
A
- began in the 1880s and continued until the Great Depression
- temporary labor schemes represented collaborative efforts on the part of state-builders and employers to provide a stable workforce to developing countries
- labor shortage in Prussia due to rapid commercialization, mechanization and consolidation of farms into large holdings
- polarization of the region led to changes
-deported 40,000 poles
16
Q
Why did countries rely on guest workers?
A
- labor shortages, and cheap labor in which they did not have to integrate these people into their society
17
Q
which were the sending and receiving countries of the guest worker trade?
A
-Prussia (germany) and Polish
- Mozambique and South Africa (Natal British)
- France importing North Africans, indochinese, Madagascar and Chinese during the war, including Iberian and Italian workers
-US and Mexico, Canada, Puerto Rico, West Indies
18
Q
What do economic growth and government policies produce in peoples mobility?
A
- Economic growth or booming industries would have created a need for labor
- Governments could also utilize this labor to create economic growth
- Policies in place by many countries did so in a way to keep guest workers away from “real citizens”
19
Q
How were guest workers organized?
A
- bilateral agreements to regulate flow of immigrants (Bracero program and agreements between U.S. and Mexico)
- Visa programs (H-2A and H-2B) enter the country temporarily
- Regulations put out by the government
20
Q
What was the role of unions towards the guest workers programs?
A
- Unions played a role in Germany negotiating terms of Gastarbeiter
- exclusionary practices on the part of existing labor unions in countries to protect workers
21
Q
what was the Bracero Program?
A
allowed Mexican labourers to work temporarily in the United States, employed to work in agriculture and railroad construction
- exploitation and poor treatment of some workers, deportation, lower wages, discrimination
22
Q
Who controlled the Bracero?
A
federally run labor supply system
- U.S. officials were responsible for the care of Mexican and West Indian vistitors
- between 1942-1947 the feds role was scaled back, did everything but employ and pay workers
- living conditions in certain regions deteriorated
- left power to repatriate workers in hands of employers
23
Q
what organizations or industries had guest workers in the bracero program?
A
- agricultural employers
- railroad companies for maintenance
- involved sugar cane harvesting
24
Q
Did guest workers have the right to collective bargain?
A
they did not in the bracero program, it did not extend labor rights to form unions, left those braceros vulernable to exploitation
25
what was the origin of Filipinos workers to the US?
- American colonial power in the Philippines until late 1960s
- followed US colonial economic, political and military interests
- early 1900s filipino farmers traveled to Hawaii and Guam as fruit pickers for American west coast
-
26
Why does Filipinos migration make an important case study?
- skills and experience acquired by construction workers held them in good stead to promote filipino entry into expanding international opportunities
- led to filipino corporate involvement in American military and business interests
- international commodity
27
What is the meaning of drain brain?
recruitment of professional filipinos, medical workers seeking to work semi-permanent or permanently in the United States
28
What is the explanation of de-skilling?
working in fields in which you are overeducated for. Philippine women are employed are overeducated in forms of employment they take on overseas and results in a de skilling and loss of human capital from philippine domestic labour markets
29
what were the main fields involved in the brain drain?
psyhsians, surgeons, dentists, pharmacists, dieticians, nutritionists, veterinarians, nurses especially
30
what were the policies the Philippines government applies to balance the movement of workers?
bilateral agreement with the US requiring that exchange visitor program be amended so that specialists in skill deficit areas would not get an extension of their visa after have been a foreign resident in the United States for 2 years
31
what is the role of philippine's women in the migration process?
- greater employment opportunities in the cities resulted in rural-to-urban migration
- females able to move into sectors that were not previously accessible
- indicates women have adopted more overtly important economic and income generating roles in philippine households
32
What changes have happened in postcolonial migration?
- studies give account the feminization of migration
- change in production scope from industry to service
- women labour become central in process of immigration
33
Neoliberalism and the globalized labour market changes
- shift in the production process
- production from central countries to periphery
- Global north: services
- global south: industrialization with precarious labour conditions
- migration of highly skilled workers
34
what is the POEA?
Philippine Overseas Employment administration, promote and monitor the overseas employment of filipino workers
35
what are some factors of the new geography of migration?
- translocal, transregional, and transcultural
- integral component of broader socio-economic transformation processes
- diversification strategy
- asian countries became labour brokers
- development is tied to income of remittances from migrant workers
36
why import African slaves to work?
- epidemics devastated indigenous slaves
- indigenous slaves were complicated
- high mortality
- low productivity
- resistant
- found to be 1/3 as productive as africans
37
What were the demographics of African slaves?
- low marriages
- high mortality
- gender imbalance
- 2 males for every female
- men were favoured
- child mortality very high
38
What was African resistance like?
-typically docile
- however resisted harsh conditions in many ways
- boycott
- damaging machines
- sick
- runaway
39
what was a maroon?
- comes from Spanish word Cimarron (feral, wild)
- associated to free cattle during early conquest period
40
what settlements did runaway slaves build?
- Palmares in Brazil
- Palenque de San Basilio in Colombia
- Esmeraldas in Ecuador
- San Lorenzo de los Negros in Mexico
- Maroons of Jamaica
41
what were these free settlements created for?
a major form of slave symbol of resistance and the fight for freedom
42
what did these settlements look like and entail?
- did not share language or culture (many of them)
- built new communities
- city republics
- idea of citizenship
- inter-africans cultural blending
- created unique society mixed with Spanish and indigenous heritage
- dependent on plantations
- adapted to new environment economically
43
How long did the Palmares survive for ?
100 years
44
True or false, some palenques were granted sort of independence?
true
45
how big did the pal mares grow to?
a confederation of 11 towns, a mocambo
46
what trades did the pal mares involve themselves in?
agriculture, fishing, hunting, trade, and raiding plantations
47
what was the basic social unit of the Palmares?
family relationships were established through the maternal line
48
what religion was prated in pal mares?
orixas found in candomble, Brazilian African religions
49
who was Zumbi?
- main leader of Palmares at time of raid in 1694
- knew latin and portuguese
- became chief
killed, mutilizated, shown in Recife
- hero of resistance to Portuguese domination
50
what is the definition of diaspora?
people settled far from their ancestral homelands, or the movement of people away from an establish ancestral homeland
51
what was diaspora for the African people?
- leaving behind tracks of culture melted with others
- moving from one imperial frontier to another
- construction of new consciousness and culture
- conceptually, spatially, and temporally
52
Factors of Coltrain's St Augustines
- diverse workforce
- labor challenges
- adaptation and recognition
- community integration
- imperial influence
53
what did life in southern Iberia offer enslaved and free afro-iberians?
- roles as intermediaries at a time when European expansion into the americas and along Africas coast demanded many more people with skills as mediators and experience with adaptation and assimilaton
54
what was the Canary Islands roles in Spains empire?
- form an important link between Spanish and Portuguese slave-trading networks
- home to large number of imported African slaves and descendants
- port for crown inspections of crews and provisions, or to pick up additional water, food or sailors
55
What role did Eurafricans have?
- made possible much of the commerce between Europe and West Africa
- created important parts of we we know as the slave trade, and blended Iberian and African economic and cultural practices
56
What did African descent population influence?
- Spanish and hispanic culture on amerindian societies, augmenting the influence and power of hispanic culture in the americas
57
what was the criadi system
promoted transatlantic movement of many free people of African descent alongside thousands of europeans and American born subjects of the Spanish empire in ways that ran the spectrum from a simple exchange of labor for a wage of sorts to arrangements wrought with compulsion
58
How did black sailors and soldiers create a set of afro-iberian routes crossing the Atlantic?
by carrying hundreds of thousands of people and their goods back and forth across The Atlantic ocean, creating profit for the americas
59
what were 3 principle ways populations moved from Iberia to the americas?
soldiering, sailing and serving as criados.
59
what gave afro-iberians the ability to be intermediaries?
proximity to patrons and crown institutions and remain connected to Iberia.
60
what was easy for pasajeros to be intermediaries?
pasajeros ere a diverse group, free, enslaved, traveling with patrons, on their own. some American, some Iberian, and some African. extended this complexity to the americas and to African trade centers
61
what is globalization?
it is a sociopolitical project involving the "world wide application of laissez-fair principles
62
what changed about workers through neoliberalism?
workers became a mobile element transitioning from place to place, circular migration
63
what new markets emerged from neoliberalism?
the former soviet bloc and china, and the compression of time space accelerated production and consumption
64
what common goal do the Budapest group and Puebla process follow?
border control and migration regulation
65
what is the essential moving factor of globalization?
expansion of the market, more people, countries, and regions are incorporated into the global market economy
66
how does the commodification of globalization take place?
- transnationalization of production
- globalization of the financial markets
- tendential emergence of a global labor market
67
what caused the relocation of labor-intensive production processes from older economies to low wage countries in Asia and latin America?
existence of a sheer inexhaustible reservoir of cheap labor in third world
-new production technologies to separate labor intensive work and capital intensive parts
-new transport and communication technologies to coordinate dispersed production and assembly
68
what are the mechanisms that produce the effect of an integrated global labor market?
1. commodification of labor power
(incorporation of pre capitalist societies)
(proletarianization through urbanization and disintegration of economies in third world)
(privatization of economic activities)
2. national or regional bounded labor markets are increasingly integrated by the internationalization of production
- transnational production
3. nationally or regionally bounded labor markets are further integrated by increased international labor mobility
- spread of transnational corporations
- internationalization of services
- more restrictive immigration policies and labor market flexibility and deregulation (illegal immigration opportunities)
69
key elements of the emerging structure of global governance
1. emerging consensus among policy makers favouring market based over state managed solutions
2. centralized management of the global economy by the G-7 states
3. implementation and surveillance by multilateral agencies such as the world bank, imf, and the wto
70
3 major components of a regime that ensures a sufficient degree of coordinationation in transnational migration
1. institutional framework to be democratic
2. asylum and refugee framework should take account of the changed nature of international refugee movements
3. equivalent framework for voluntary migration to be created to undertake national and regional immigration policies in minimum criteria to safeguard
71
what were padrones?
controlled immigrant workers by primarily exploiting their geographic mobility and family networks that sustained it
72
3 padrones of note
- Antonio cordasco (montreal, Italian)
- Roman Gonzalez (mexica, el paso Texas)
Leon Skliris (greek, Salt Lake City)
73
what is chain migration?
immigrant generates a self-sustaining flow of immigrants by sending passage money to his or her relatives
- padrone power helped reorganize and stimulate chain migrations
74
what is serial migration?
lone males that migrate and later bring their families
75
what is delayed family migration
families join male migrants after some time
76
what is impersonal organized migration?
migration arranged through formal organizations or state systems, like the International Refugee Organization
77
why did Italians use chain migration?
limited language skills and financial resources, relied on relative or community networks for support
78
what kind of settlements did Italians have?
little Italys, assistance from previous migrants and the maintenance of community and family ties
79
what was post-war migration like in Britain?
caribbean and south asians
80
Perceptions of British towards migrants
public focus was on black and asian migrants, wanted to restrict immigration from non white territories (Australia)
81
what was the commonwealth immigrants act of 1962?
- maintain commonwealth unity while addressing racial tensions
82
what was the race relations act of 1965, 68, and 76
address racial discrimination in public life
83
coloured alien seaman order
black seaman to register as aliens if they could not prove British nationality
84
american 20th century national identity of 1st generation immigrants
ethnicity persisted strongly despite push to americanization
85
second generation americanization
schools with high immigration emphasized democratic values and civic education. integrate into American society and assert national identity sometimes at expense of ethnic identity
86
Hansen's Law
immigrants maintain ethnicity, children lose it, but it re-emerges with granchildren
87
how is Hansen's law updated by Ueda?
ethnicity today may remain more constant across generations due to ongoing political and social dynamics
88
what were navvies?
immigrant railroad labourers
89
why were navvies imported?
needed feeder lines to transport harvests
- labour
- crops provide additional revenue base
- labour could be utilized in developing industries
- adapt to Canadian environment
90
Global Migration History
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