Final Exam

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

• study of the time course of a drug and its metabolites in the body after administration
• this includes: absorption, distribution, metabolism (biotransformation), and excretion

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 2

• physiological effects of drug on the body
  1. activation or blockage of cellular receptors
  2. signal messaging

Question 3

tylenol

Answer 3

pain and fever

Question 4

NSAIDs

Answer 4

pain, fever, anti-inflammatory

Question 5

cortisone

Answer 5

pain, anti-inflammatory

Question 6

Opiods

Answer 6

limited use unless acute severe pain

Question 7

Cannabinoids

Answer 7

?-use in chronic pain

Question 8

what is the WADA

Answer 8

• World Anti-Doping Agency
• 8 mandatory guidelines as far as testing and results management
• 12 non-mandatory guidelines (recommended practices)

Question 10

What is the Goldman dilemma?

Answer 10

• Survey of 198 American Olympic athletes
• qualitative study seeing how far athletes would to win

Question 11

Development of antidoting in Canada

Answer 11

• Canadian anti-doping organization (cado) was launched in 1991
• cado renamed Canadian center for drug free sport (CCDs) in 1992
• CCDs merged with FairPlay Canada to become the Canadian center for ethics in sport (cces) which is our current NADO

Question 12

What is considered a wada anti-doping violation

Answer 12

• presence of a prohibited substance in an athletes sample
• use or attempted use by an athlete of a prohibited substance or method
• evading, refusing or failing to submit a sample
  -Where about failures (3in 12 months)
• tampering with samples
• possession of banned substance
• trafficking. Any prohibited substance or method

Question 13

What is iron deficiency?

Answer 13

Depletion of body’s iron stores and restriction of Ir on supply

Question 14

What does iron deficiency lead to?

Answer 14

• reduction in the oxygen transport capa city
• reduction in the oxidative capacity at the cellular level

Question 15

What is an erythrocyte?

Answer 15

• Red blood cell
• biconcave disk
• contains hemoglobin
• Transports respiratory gasses
• life span 120 days

Question 16

Hemoglobin

Answer 16

• Means “iron -protein”
  -In RBCs
• carne’s oxygen and returns carbon dioxide

Question 17

What is ferritin

Answer 17

• An iron storage protein
• found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
• serum ferritin levels reflect the amount of iron stored in these organs

Question 18

What is transferrin

Answer 18

• Iron binding protein
• produced in liver brain and testes
• transports iron in the blood

Question 19

What is myoglobin?

Answer 19

• Iron containing protein in muscles
• transports oxygen to mitochondria in muscle cells

Question 20

How do hemoglobin and myoglobin work together?

Answer 20

• Together they makeup 60 -75% of the iron in the body
• hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
• myoglobin accepts, stores, transports,and releases oxygen in muscle cells

Question 21

Iron stores in humans

Answer 21

• Males: 55mg/kg
• females: 45mg/kg. Levels may dip due to menstruation. Special consideration for female athletes

Question 22

What are the heiron deficiency stages

Answer 22

1. Pre-latent iron deficiency or “iron storage depletion”
2. Latent iron deficiency or “iron deficiency erythropoiesis”
3. Anemia

Question 23

What happens in phase 1 of iron deficiency

Answer 23

• Called pre-latent iron deficient
  -Iron stores in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow are depleted
• low serum ferritin, increased transferrin saturation, but there still normal Hb

Question 24

What happens in stage 2 of iron deficiency

Answer 24

• Called latent iron deficiency
  -Erythropoesis is impaired
• iron supply to cells is reduced
• snows up in tests as low serum ferritin but normal Hb

Question 25

What happens in stage 3 of iron deficiency

Answer 25

- Called iron deficiency anemia - hemoglobin synths is falls - low serum ferritin, low hemoglobin

Question 26

What measure from lab tests is most important for diagnosing iron deficiency problems?

Answer 26

Serum ferretin is the most sensitive and specifictest for overall body stores

Question 27

What amount of ferritin is low enough to warrant investigations?

Answer 27

< 35 μg/L

Question 28

What hemoglobin levels indicate iron deficiency anemia

Answer 28

- Females: Hb <120g/L - males: Hb 430g /L

Question 29

Symptoms of anemia

Answer 29

-Low energy - cold extremities - dizziness - shortness of breath - poor athletic performance -High heartrate

Question 30

Global prevalence of anemia

Answer 30

-24.3% - 40 % In children - premenopausal women 30% - pregnant women 371.

Question 31

Prevalence of iron deficiency without anemia in athletes

Answer 31

- Females 31% -Males 3%

Question 32

What's the prevalence of iron deficiencyanemia among collegiate athletes?

Answer 32

- Females 2.2% - males 1.2%

Question 33

Who is at greater risk for iron deficiency?

Answer 33

- Female athletes - endurance athletes - low energy avaliability/ reds - athletes with disordered eating Vegan/vegitarian diet - other medical conditions

Question 34

How to treat is on deficient?

Answer 34

- Iron supplements - iron rich diet - intravenous iron for those who cannot tolerate oral

Question 35

What are the characteristics of virus infection?