final exam

Question 1

definition of free association

Answer 1

the talking cure

person is encouraged to say whatever comes or mind in relation to some concern or issue

Question 2

why did freud consider psychotherapy as beneficial?

Answer 2

First step of to understand your own mind

Talking about it helps

Question 3

definition of psychic determinism

Answer 3

Everything that happens in a person’s mind, including everything a person thinks and does, has a specific cause that can be identified

Miracles, free will, and random accidents do not exist

Question 4

What makes the psychoanalytic theory different than the other theories when it comes to the focus between unconscious and the conscious to determine behavior?

Answer 4

Contradictions of thoughts and behavior can be resolved by looking at the unconscious part of the mind

Question 5

Know the difference between the id, ego, and superego. Be able to identify each in scenarios where they interact and compromise with each other.

Answer 5

Id: irrational and emotional

Ego: rational

Superego: moral

Question 6

primary focus of the Neo-freudians in comparison to Freud’s era?

Answer 6

Move away from emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts toward a focus on the interpersonal aspects of life

Reinterpretation of the libido

Question 7

What is the primary focus of “ego psychologists” (or ego psychology)

Answer 7

Less emphasis on unconscious mental processes and more on conscious thought, perception, memory, learning

Question 8

Be familiar with what “organ inferiority?” is and what it looks like in everyday scenarios.

Answer 8

Idea that individuals are motivated to attain equality with or superiority over others to compensate for perceived weaknesses in childhood

Perceptions of weakness are more important than reality

Question 9

The difference between animus and anima, according to Jung

Answer 9

Anima: the idea, or prototype of the female

Animus: idea or prototype of the male

Question 10

Karen Horney’s theory and how it deviated from traditional Freudian theory.

Answer 10

Feminine psychology

Disagreed with “penis envy” and women’s desire to be male

Question 11

what is construal?

Answer 11

a person’s particular experience of the world

Question 12

define thrownness

Answer 12

an important basis of your experience

being thrown into modern society is particular difficult. no over-arching meaning or purpose

Question 13

what does it mean to live in bad faith?

Answer 13

Existentialism

There is a way out.. you could choose to avoid this problem or angst all together

You could ignore the existential questions and moral imperative

Question 14

From an “optimistic humanism perspective,” what is the goal in life?

Answer 14

The ultimate need or motive is Self-actualization

Must meet the lower needs first

Question 15

definition of acculturation

Answer 15

A person moves to a new culture and begins to pick up its characteristics

Question 16

etics

Answer 16

aspects of phenomenon that ALL cultures have in COMMON

Question 17

emics

Answer 17

aspects of phenomenon specific to a particular culture

Question 18

difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures

Answer 18

collectivism: needs and rights of the group

individualism: needs and rights of the individual, need for self-regard

Question 19

Be familiar with the argument that personality matters less in collectivist cultures (hint: what does the research day about countries with less trait words?)

Answer 19

English has 2,8000 trait words while chinese has only 557: personality in the western sense is less meaningful in eastern contexts

Question 20

Why is direct observation important to a behaviorist?

Answer 20

The study of how a person’s behavior AS OBSERVED BY ANOTHER is a direct result of their environment, particularly the rewards and punishments that the environment contains

Question 21

What is habituation?

Answer 21

A decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure to something

Question 22

From a Social Learning Perspective, what were some of the shortcomings or limitations presented about behaviorism? In other words, what were the critiques that Social Learning theorists had towards behaviorism?

Answer 22

o Behaviorism ignores thinking, motivation, and emotion. Is primarily based on animal research. Ignores the social dimension of learning. Organisms are treated as essentially passive.
o Doesn’t account for cognitive processes and the influence of observational learning.

Question 23

declarative knowledge

Answer 23

the fact and impressions that we consciously know and can describe

Question 24

procedural knowledge

Answer 24

the knowledge expressed through actions rather than words

Relational self: patterns of social skills and styles of relating to others

Implicit self: unconscious self-knowledge

Question 25

relationship deal breakers

Answer 25

Traits that prevent or undermine relationships Inverse of traits for dealmakers Untrustworthy and anger issues, dispositional contempt, rejection sensitivity

Question 26

most common outcome for those high in rejection sensitivity

Answer 26

They often discuss relationship problems MORE, leading to their actual rejection, the outcome they feared the most.

Question 27

likely relationship outcome for two disagreeable people

Answer 27

Pairing disagreeable people with similarly disagreeable people is unlikely to lead anywhere good

Question 28

trait predictive of job performance

Answer 28

conscientiousness

Question 29

at what age do we see a person's traits associated with future job performance

Answer 29

Personality ratings at age 8, combined with self-ratings at age 30, predict how much money the child would grow up to earn between ages 40 and 60

Question 30

What are the general characteristics of those diagnosed with a personality disorder

Answer 30

Unusually extreme personality attributes Problematic Affects social relationships and interactions Stable over time

Question 31

A person who has a personality disorder affects who?

Answer 31

Personality disorders create severe problems for the affected individual or others who know the person 8% of population suffers from personality disorder

Question 32

Why would taking into account cultural differences be important when diagnosing someone with a personality disorder?

Answer 32

Cultural variations: patterns of shy, self-effacing behavior are normal in collectivistic cultures, while loud/aggressive behavior is normal in individualistic cultures: one or the other may be viewed as a personality disorder if context is not observed

Question 33

Be familiar with what is means to be "ego-syntonic” and what it looks for individuals with personality disorders. Furthermore, which personality disorder is hardest to treat due to the patients being ego-syntonic?

Answer 33

Ego-syntonic: symptoms are seen as normal and valued aspects of personality by the person with the disorder They think others are the problematic ones Antisocial or narcissistic personality disorders typically don’t think they have a problem.

Question 34

Primary characteristic of borderline personality disorder.

Answer 34

Emotional instability, self-harm, interpersonal relationships are confusing/chaotic, identity disturbance

Question 35

What does Funder (the author) say about the criteria of how one should choose a personality approach?

Answer 35

Does the approach offer a way to seek an answer to a question that is worthwhile?

Question 36

Know what the five personality approaches/theories personality are.

Answer 36

phenomenological, Trait, biological, psychoanalytic, learning/cognitive

Question 37

MEP: trait approach

Answer 37

throughout my mentorship experience, I noticed that my mentee was consistently the last one to finish eating his snack, and I think this purposeful delay was a tactic to avoid singing time. His traits- shyness, discomfort with group activities- was inflating his behavior.

Question 38

MEP: learning/cognitive approach

Answer 38

There were several times throughout my mentorship experience where I saw my mentee’s behavior change as a result of punishment. For example, his teacher put him in time out when he was being disruptive, and after that, he would behave better.

Question 39

MEP: phenomenological approach

Answer 39

I realized that my mentee and I see the word very differently, and that’s due to our different conscious experiences of the world. For one, we are at vastly different age/life stages, so our unique experiences shape the way we view the world. Also, he is White and I am Asian, so our different cultural backgrounds can also influence our experiences of reality.

Question 40

Describe two components of SILB data that may have influenced your potential career choice (e.g. describe "I" and "B" data). (2pts)

Answer 40

Informants data: There are many people in my life, who know me very well, that believed that I had the attributes and qualities to become a doctor. These included family friends and family members that are doctors themselves. L data: I believe that getting into medical school has made my career choice a lot more concrete, and the L data I have accumulated is what helped me get into medical school. These records include my GPA, letters of recommendation, extracurricular activities, and other archival records.

Question 41

explain two different ways in which the information you learned in this class might be able to be incorporated in your everyday work as part of your future profession. (2pts)

Answer 41

Something I learned in this class was that our personality traits can largely impact the jobs we are good at and that we will enjoy. In the future, when I decide what kind of doctor I want to be, I will remember to keep my personality traits in mind to help guide that big decision. For example, I am not sure that I want to be a surgeon or an administrator, as I am quite shy and prefer to be a team-player rather than a leader. I think this information reminded me to stay true to who I really am, and not try to act a certain way to get people to like me. It is a true fact that employers look for certain traits in their employees, but I do not want to spend the rest of my life acting like someone I am not. So to find the best fit for myself, I need to actually act like myself.