Final Exam

Question 1

Illness def

Answer 1

Illness relates to how a person feels about, and experiences disease and injury. Can be a perceived notion of unwellness or derive from self-diagnosis, and will affect the body or mind in many different capacities.

Question 2

Disease def

Answer 2

Physical or mental disturbance related to personal experiences of a disease, involves symptoms.

Question 3

Physical health and wellbeing: Definition + Characteristics

Answer 3

Relates to the function of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily tasks and activities.
- Healthy body weight
- Physical capacity to perform daily tasks
- Appropriate levels of fitness
- Optimal levels of energy.

Question 4

Social health and wellbeing: Definition + Characteristics

Answer 4

The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. It includes the level of support provided by family and within a community to ensure that every person has equal opportunity to function as a contributing member of society.
- Productive relationships with others
- Supportive network of friends
- Effective communication with others
- Ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Question 5

Mental health and wellbeing: Definition + Characteristics

Answer 5

Relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and relates to the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic.
- Low levels or stress and anxiety
- Positive self-esteem
- Use logic and reasoning to form opinions and make decisions
- High levels of confidence.

Question 6

Emotional health and wellbeing: Definition + Characteristics

Answer 6

The ability to express feelings in a positive way. It is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience. It is the degree to which you feel emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life.
- Have a high level of resilience
- Recognise and understand emotional actions/reactions
- Effectively express and manage emotional actions/reactions
- Experience appropriate emotions in different situations.

Question 7

Spiritual health and wellbeing: Definition + Characteristics

Answer 7

Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on a person’s place in the world.
- A sense of belonging and connection
- Peace and hope
- Positive meaning, place, purpose in life
- Develop and act accordingly to values and beliefs.

Question 8

Meaning of health and wellbeing

Answer 8

Refers to the state of a person’s physical, social, mental, spiritual and emotional wellbeing. It is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Question 9

Meaning of optimal H+WB

Answer 9

Optimal health and wellbeing refers to reaching the highest level of health and wellbeing an individual can realistically attain. It includes the dimensions of health and wellbeing (physical, social, emotional, spiritual and mental).

Question 10

Health Status:

Answer 10

An individual’s or a population’s overall level of health and wellbeing taking into account various indicators such as life expectancy, mortality and morbidity.

Question 11

Health Status: Burden of Disease

Answer 11

A measure of the impact of diseases and dying prematurely, specifically it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease & disability. BOD is measured in a unit called the DALY.

Question 12

BOD: DALY

Answer 12

A measure of the burden of disease . 1 DALY = 1 year of healthy life lost due to illness and/or death. Calculated as the sum of years lost due to premature death and the years lived with disability.

Question 13

BOD: YLL + YLD

Answer 13

YLL: A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.
YLD: A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to illness, injury or disability.

Question 14

Health Status: Incidence

Answer 14

Refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/condition in a population during a given period.

Question 15

Health Status: Prevalence

Answer 15

The total number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Question 16

Health Status: Morbidity

Answer 16

Refers to ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group (incidence + prevalence).

Question 17

Health Status: Mortality

Answer 17

Refers to death at a population level. The measure of the proportion of a population who die in a one year period. Includes infant, U5, maternal mortality.

Question 18

Health Status: Life expectancy

Answer 18

An indication of how long a person can expect to live. It is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change. Most commonly used to measure life expectancy at birth.

Question 19

Health Status: Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

Answer 19

The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lives without the health consequences of disease or injury.

Question 20

Health Status: Self-assessed Health Status

Answer 20

An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys.

Question 21

Biological Factors meaning:

Answer 21

Factors relating to the body that impact on H+WB. Relates to the structure of the cells, tissues and systems of the body and how adequately they function.
- body weight
- age
- genetics (sex and hormones)

Question 22

Sociocultural Factors meaning:

Answer 22

Relates to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age. Many of these factors are beyond the control of individuals.
- SES (income, occupation, education)
- Food security/insecurity
- Cultural Background

Question 23

Environmental Factors meaning:

Answer 23

The physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. The way people interact with the physical environment can increase or decrease the risk of negative health outcomes.
- Work environment
- Housing
- Urban design + infrastructure

Question 24

Describe ‘public health’

Answer 24

This is concerned with the organisation and collective effort to improve the health status of the entire population. It refers particularly to the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease.

Question 25

Describe the ‘old public health’

Answer 25

Old public health was government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of diseases. It provided the understanding that disease was caused by bacteria and viruses that bred in filthy and unhygienic living conditions. - Improved housing - Discovery of vaccines - Clean water - Quarantine laws - sanitation

Question 26

biomedical approach to health

Answer 26

The biomedical approach focuses on the physical or biological aspects of diseases and illness, as well as the services provided by doctors, specialists and hospitals for individuals. It involves diagnosing the disease/illness and then treating the illness. It works and aims to return a person to a pre-illness state.

Question 27

Concept of the social model of health (1970s) - ‘new’ public health

Answer 27

Social model of health is an approach that recognises improvements in H+WB can only be achieved by directing efforts towards addressing the physical (housing, working conditions, access to sanitation, clean water), sociocultural (child marriage, language, attitudes to accessing h/care) and political environments (laws towards smoking, food labelling) of health that can have an impact on the individuals and population groups. A focus on prevention and community involvement.

Question 28

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

Answer 28

An approach to health development by the WHO which attempts to reduce inequalities in health. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion was developed from the social model of health and defines health promotion as ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over, and improve their health’ (WHO, 1998). **Enabling, mediating, advocacy.**

Question 29

Health Promotion according to the Ottawa Charter

Answer 29

Health promotion is about creating an environment where people can take control over and improve their health. It takes into account sociocultural factors that contribute to inequalities such as: socioeconomic status, social inequalities, access to health care and social connectedness.

Question 30

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: Build Health Public Policy

Answer 30

It relates to decisions made by governments and organisations (such as sporting clubs) about laws and policies that restrict unhealthy behaviours and encourage healthier choices by making them easier to adopt. - Example: Removing the goods and services tax (GST) on unprocessed (healthier) foods, making them cheaper to purchase.

Question 31

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: Create Supportive Environments

Answer 31

It recognises the influence of broader determinants on health and wellbeing, aims to create healthy physical and sociocultural environments for everyone, and defines a supportive environment as safe, enjoyable, stimulating, and non-judgemental. - Example: providing shaded areas in school playgrounds + outdoor areas.

Question 32

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: Strengthen Community Action

Answer 32

Focuses on building links between individuals and the community, and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal. - Example: An immunisation strategy that involves doctors, media, schools and parents working to reach higher immunisation rates for children.

Question 33

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: Develop Personal Skills

Answer 33

Education refers to gaining health-related knowledge and skills that allow people to make informed decisions. - Example: A community health centre running cooking classes for the community.

Question 34

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: Reorient Health Services

Answer 34

Refers to changing the health system that promotes H+WB. Requires a shift towards health promotion, including doctors taking on the role of the educator, moving away from the biomedical approach. - Example: Recommending physical activity, to prevent development of damaging conditions (T2D).

Question 35

The role of health promotion in improving population health

Answer 35

The role of health promotion is to create conditions that encourage healthier lives and prevent ill health, as opposed to the biomedical model that works to treat conditions once they arise. NOTE: population health includes H+WB and/or HS. But it specifically includes the health of a group or groups of people.

Question 36

Deadly Choices Initiative: improving ATSI health

Answer 36

The DCI works to encourage and empower ATSI people to make healthy choices for themselves + their families.

Question 37

Red Dust Healing Initiative: improving ATSI health

Answer 37

RDH is a targeted cultural healing program that has been written from an Aboriginal perspective, targeted primarily at ATSI men, women and families. It’s based on ATSI cultural beliefs, and aims to engage ATSI Australians to help them recognise problems occurring because of grief.

Question 38

ADG - assists in reducing dietary risks (promoting healthy eating)

Answer 38

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Question 39

ADG 2 - assists in reducing dietary risks (promoting healthy eating)

Answer 39

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the following five groups every day and drink plenty of water. - Fruit (write exa - Vegetables - Grains - Lean meats + poultry -Milk, dairy and alternatives

Question 40

ADG 3 - assists in reducing dietary risks (promoting healthy eating)

Answer 40

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added sugar, added salt and alcohol. - Low intake of foods containing saturated fats: decrease risk of obesity, T2D, colorectal cancer - Low intake of foods + drinks with added salt: decreases risk of heart disease, hypertension, CVD, osteoporosis, elevated blood pressure, stroke, some cancers. - Low intake of foods + drinks with added sugar: decrease risk of insulin resistance, T2D, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, overweight and obesity, dental caries, dental disease. - Lower intake of alcohol: reduce risk of overweight and obesity, cancer, liver disease, prenatal infant health outcomes.

Question 41

Australian G2HE – improves health outcomes

Answer 41

- The AG2HE is a food selection guide that visually represents the five food groups (vegetables, fruit, grains, lean meats and alternatives, dairy and alternatives) as recommended for daily consumption. It provides advice on serving sizes and proportions, as well as limiting discretionary foods high in sugar, salt and saturated fat. - It promotes healthy eating by helping individuals choose a balanced diet, reduce the risk of diet-related conditions (such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease), and improve overall health outcomes. By encouraging variety and moderation, the AGHE supports long-term wellbeing across the population.

Question 42

Evaluation of the AG2HE - considerations

Answer 42

- Accessibility: The AGHE is widely available online and in print and uses simple visuals, so it is generally easy to understand. However, some groups (e.g., low literacy or non-English speakers) may find it harder to use without additional support. - Cultural relevance: The AGHE provides general guidelines suitable for the Australian population, but it may not fully reflect the dietary practices of all cultural groups, including many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. - Evidence-based: The guide is based on current scientific research and reviewed regularly, ensuring its recommendations are reliable. - Effectiveness in changing behaviour: While the AGHE provides guidance, studies suggest that simply having the guide does not always lead to significant behaviour change, as other factors (cost, food availability, habits) influence eating patterns. - Equity: The guide promotes healthy eating for all, but it does not directly address barriers faced by disadvantaged populations, such as affordability or access to fresh foods.

Question 43

ATSI G2HE – improves health outcomes of ATSI ppl

Answer 43

The ATSI G2HE is a culturally appropriate visual food selection guide designed specifically to support the nutritional health of ATSI peoples. It reflects traditional food knowledge, cultural practices, and a holistic view of health that connects land, culture, family, and community with wellbeing.

Question 44

Considerations to evaluate initiatives capacity to improve ATSI H+WB

Answer 44

- Actual improvements to H+WB - Number of participants taking part - Participant Feedback - Ottawa Charter action areas - Cultural Appropriateness - Addressing Specific Needs of target group - Funding - Focuses on Major Health Issues