Métis leader; led Red River Resistance.
Manitoba Act → bilingual province + Métis land protections (later undermined).
Significance: Ongoing Métis dispossession.
Louis Riel / Manitoba Act (1870)
Federal control of Indigenous life (status, land, governance).
Basis of assimilation policy.
Significance: Long-term colonial framework.
Indian Act (1876)
Forced removal of Indigenous children; banned languages/culture.
State–church operated (1880s–1996).
Significance: Cultural genocide; intergenerational trauma.
Residential Schools
Land agreements opening the West to settlement (1871–1921).
Differing interpretations (shared use vs. surrender).
Significance: Foundation of Prairie colonization.
Numbered Treaties (1–11)
Homesteads (160 acres) for settlers.
Enabled Prairie settlement + Indigenous dispossession.
Significance: Key National Policy tool.
Dominion Land Act (1872)
Racial tax on Chinese immigrants.
Rose to $500 → family separation.
Significance: Institutionalized anti-Asian racism.
Head Tax (1885–1923)
Minister encouraging Prairie immigration (1896–1905).
Targeted Eastern European farmers.
Significance: Transformed Prairie demographics.
Clifford Sifton / Immigration
Manitoba ended Catholic/French school funding (1890).
National conflict over language + religion.
Significance: English–French tensions.
Manitoba Schools Question
PM 1896–1911; promoted unity + immigration.
Managed imperialism/nationalism tensions.
Significance: Early Liberal nation-building.
Wilfrid Laurier
Emergency powers (censorship, internment).
Used WWI, WWII, 1970.
Significance: Suspended civil liberties.
War Measures Act
Mandatory service; English supported, French opposed.
Deepened national divide.
Significance: Major Quebec–Ottawa tension.
Conscription Crisis (1917)
Depression-era work camps for unemployed men.
Poor conditions → On-to-Ottawa Trek.
Significance: Symbol of gov’t failure.
Relief Camps (1932–1936)
Expansion of social programs (UI, family allowance, later Medicare).
Significance: New state–citizen relationship.
Welfare State (Post-WWII)
Quebec modernization + secularization.
Rise of nationalism; education/economic reforms.
Significance: Roots of sovereignty movement.
Quiet Revolution (1960s)
