Final Exam

Question 1

protien functions

Answer 1

Speed up reactions
provide structure
transport
storage
signaling
receptors

Question 2

amino acid/polypeptide/protien

Answer 2

aminoacid small building block of protien
polypeptide is a chain of acids proteins are folded polypeptides

Question 3

four levels of protien structure

Answer 3

primary
linear sequence of amino acids
secondary local folding patterns stabilized with hydrogen bonds tertiary 3d shape
qauternary multiple polypeptide chains not all protiens are loike this

Question 4

protien structure levels effects

Answer 4

primary insertion deletion framshift drastic change
secondary folding failures due to hydrogen bonding
tertiary overall 3d shape wont bind properly
qauternary subunits fail to aciosciate

Question 5

central dogma of biology

Answer 5

DNA RNA PROTEIN

Question 6

freddrick griffith experiment

Answer 6

worked with strep harmless S plus Harmless R injected mice mice died DNA transfered somhow

Question 7

avery experiment

Answer 7

based on griffiths isolated DNA as the cause not rna or protein

Question 8

alfred hershy and martha

Answer 8

used bacterio phages confirmed dna as genetic meterial

Question 9

erwin chargaff

Answer 9

found basepair rules

Question 10

rosilind franklin

Answer 10

used xray crystilography to see DNA double helix

Question 11

watson and crick

Answer 11

built correct DNA model

Question 12

gene regulation in prokaryotes by jacob and monad

Answer 12

the opoeron model prokaryotic genes are regulated in grouops

Question 13

parts of a operon

Answer 13

structural gene code for protiens and are all transcribed together
promoter is a binding site for RNA polymerase
Operator is a Switch where a reppressor binds
regulatory gene produces the reppresser protein

Question 14

how regulation works

Answer 14

reppressor made by regulator binds to operator = RNA polymerase at promoter doesnt work

Question 15

low tyrtophan means

Answer 15

repressor regulator cease operator doesnt get binded promotor starts transcription

Question 16

Lac operon

Answer 16

glucose reppresses the gene with and transcription remains low even with lactose

Question 17

5 primary levels of control

Answer 17

Chromatin
Transcription
Post transcription
Translation
Post translation

Question 18

Parts of a eukaryotic gene

Answer 18

Promotor Upstream 5’ Binding site for RNA polymerase 2
Regulatory sequences bind activators or repressors to increase or decrease transcription
Transcribed region coding sequence that remains in the mature mRNA

Question 19

Gene expression contrrol at the chromatin stucturew levewkl

Answer 19

dna a packageing
dna + 2 histones
2 forms uechromatin loosly packed active
heterochromatin densely packed
inactive trans wise
histone tails can be chemically modified
acetlyization methlyization
phosphorilyzation

Question 20

two main causes of mutations

Answer 20

Spontanous mutations
Induced mutatuioibns

Question 21

Posttranslational conte=ol and what it operagtes on

Answer 21

after translation protein itself not mRNA assists folding chemicsl mods activate or deactivate

Question 22

histonbe acetylation

Answer 22

chromatin becomes loosly packed and more easily expressed

Question 23

types of small scale mutations

Answer 23

point mutation
silent
nonsense

Question 24

translational control

Answer 24

blocks or enhances ribosome binding to the MRNA to make proteins

Question 25

CRISPR CAS9

Answer 25

DNA cutting enzym a guide RNA for c utting both strands of DNA at a time

Question 26

how CAS9 works

Answer 26

1 design guide RNA 2 form search/cut complex 3 DNA recognition binds to matching DNA sequece 4 makes cut 5 DNA Repair

Question 27

Causes Cancer

Answer 27

Onecogene activators growth promoters permanently on tumor suppression genes Dna repair gene regulator genes chromosomal mutations

Question 28

Proto oncogenes

Answer 28

promote cell growth turn into oncogenes with gain of function one copy needed

Question 29

tumor suppression gene

Answer 29

two copys needed slows down devision

Question 30

BIOTECHNOLOGY

Answer 30

the application of biological processes organisms or systems to create products or tech for human use

Question 31

RAP

Answer 31

Relays growth signals a point mutation keeps it permanently active creating cancer common in pacreatic colon and lung cancer

Question 32

p53 genes

Answer 32

stops cell cycle if dna is damaged repairs dna triggers apoptosis is severe loss of function mutation both copys must be inactive

Question 33

GMO

Answer 33

Genetically modifyed organsism

Question 34

Mutant vs normal cell stimulating Pathway

Answer 34

normal cells divide when told have checkpoints and are monitored but mutant p53 and RAS or tumor suppressors wont stop making poor qaulity dna

Question 35

Trans organism

Answer 35

has a Gene from different species

Question 36

Colon and breast cancer

Answer 36

APC gene mismatched repair genes p53 mutation smoking alcohol BRCA1 TP53 CHEK2 PALB2

Question 37

Cloning

Answer 37

Gene cloning copying DNA segment recombinant isulin gene in bacteria reproductive cloning creating a whole organism identical dolly the sheep theraputic cloning producing embryonic stem cells identical to donar

Question 38

rDNA tech

Answer 38

joining two dna from two or more sources to produce new genetic combinations isolate insert introduce vector host cells replicate

Question 39

clinging human gene

Answer 39

identify the gene insurt the gene into a vector a plasmid introduce the plasmid to the bacteria bacteria replicate the expressed gene human insulin is harvested

Question 40

RDNA requires

Answer 40

a gene of interest a vector molecule that carries restriction enzyme cut dna for vector and gene of interest DNA ligase glue joins dna togetor host organism markers

Question 41

Metagenetics

Answer 41

study of genetic meterial streight from from soil sample microbial diversity bacteria fungi viruses

Question 42

bioinformatics

Answer 42

use of computers databases and algorithms to analyze and store boilogical data to descover new genes map evolutionary relationships develope drugs and medicine and proteins

Question 43

proteomics

Answer 43

large scale study of proteins how they function and are expressed

Question 44

modified bacteria and plants that make stuff

Answer 44

E coli and insulin corn and insect resistance

Question 45

gene pharming

Answer 45

human insulin produced by bacteria antibodies produced by plants production of theruputic protiens

Question 46

Structural vs Comparative vs Functional genomics

Answer 46

Fucuses on physical structure mapping sequence organization Functional how genes express gene products what they do Comparative comparing between species

Question 47

Gene therapy

Answer 47

delibrate removal introduction or alterastion of genes within a pateint

Question 48

Ex vs In Vivo

Answer 48

cells removed vs cells delivered