PSY 305 FINAL EXAM > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

what are concepts

A

The building blocks of cognition, they allow us to categorize things and to make inferences

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2
Q

what types of things do concepts allow us to catagorize and make inferences about

A
  1. Classify objects
  2. allow for efficient communication
  3. learn by analogy
  4. creation of new concepts from existing concepts
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3
Q

what is a catagory

A

the set of things that are included in the class

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4
Q

what is an exemplar

A

a member of the catagory

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5
Q

what is an attribute

A

a predicate or property that can be true or false of a thing

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6
Q

what is a example of a task (SV)

A

sentence verification (is it true or false, eg, houses can run)

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7
Q

whay is another example of a task (LD)

A

lexical decision (is an item a word or not, yes vs no, eg, milk, snap, etc.)

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8
Q

what is the hierarchial model used to describe

A

the way in which semantic memory is organized

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9
Q

what is cognitive economy

A

features that are represented at their highest level of generality in order to avoid redundancy

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10
Q

what are the central ideas on the heirarcheal model

A

Concepts are inherited properties from concepts above them in the hierarchy. Retrieving information from this network takes time

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11
Q

what was the problem with the heiracheal model

A

not all things fit into catgories or heirchies

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12
Q

what is the spreading activation model (the model after semantic that was used to address the problems the that model)

A

When accessing a concept, its mental representation receives a boost in activation. once a concpet becomes activated, that activation spreads throughout the network along the connecting pathways

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13
Q

what is the organization of the spreading activation model

A

Every node is connected to every node, once activated nodes send activation to their neighbors in parallel. The strength of association across modes is shown by distance

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14
Q

what model does reptition and semantic priming fit into

A

spreading activation model

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15
Q

what is repition priming

A

when the exact same word or stimulus is presented again, making it easier to recognize or process the second time

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16
Q

semantic priming

A

A related word is presented first, which speeds up recognition of a second related word
(eg. Comparing the words butter and doctor (unrelated condition) and nurse and doctor (related), related is easier to remember)

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17
Q

what is the feature comparison model

A

Concepts are represented as sets of features (defining and characteristic). If the object has enough features of the category, then it is a member of the category

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18
Q

What were the problems with the spreading activation model

A

Vague structure, hard to predict precise reaction times, and unclear organization

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19
Q

What is a defining feature (FCM)

A

nessecary and sufficent features of a concept (eg, animals-> alive)

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20
Q

What is a characteristic feature (FCM)

A

features not necessary for definition but usually a property of the concept (e, birds=fly)

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21
Q

what is the catagorization process for the feature comparison model (FCM)

A

stage 1: compare features of concepts
stage 2: comparison od defining features only

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22
Q

what is the typicality effect

A

Typical exemplars are verified faster as belonging in the category

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23
Q

what is the prototype theory

A

proposes that each category is represented by a prototype, which is an abstract “average” example of the category (does not have to be a real object—it is a mental summary of the most typical features)

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24
Q

what are the three typicality effects

A

membership ratings, verification times, and learning

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25
what are membership rating
typical exemplars that are judged to have greater membership
26
what are verification times
typical exemplars are verified faster as beloning in the catagroy
27
what is learning (typicality effects)
Typical exemplars are learned faster and more easily
28
what were the cons of the prototype theory?
It doesn't explain how we remember specific examples, and some categories have multiple prototypes
29
what is the exemplar theory
The mental representation of a concept consists of a collection of exemplars rather than an average prototype of these exemplars
30
What areas of the brain are important for catagorization
temporal lobes and visual agnosia
31
what are catagory specific neurons
brain cells that activate when a person sees or thinks about a specific category of objects
32
what are example categories of catagory specific neurons
animals, faces, tools, etc.
33
what is the importance of category specific neurons
They help explain how the brain recognizes objects, categorizes information, and organize semantic knowledge
34
what is a schema
organized clusters of knowldege about events or objects based on experience
35
what are scripts
schemas in which events occur in certain order that encapsulate much of our knowldge of social activitiy
36
what is problem solving
active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
37
problems of inducing stucture
requires people to discover relations among numbers, words, symbols, or ideas
38
problems of arrangement
require people to arrange the parts of a problem in a way that satisfies some criterion
39
problems of transformation
require people to carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal
40
what is the difference between well defines and ill-defined problems
well defined: inital state, goal state, and constraint are all defined ill defines: one or more of the elements are incomplete or unclearly specified
41
what are the barriers to effective problem solving
irrelevant information, functional fixedness, mental set, and unnecessary constraints
42
what is reasoning
the process by hich people generate and evaluate arguments and beliefs
43
what is deductive reasoning
starts with general rules or premises and applies them to reach a specific conclusion
44
what is inductive reasoning
involves making general conclusions based on specific observations
45
what is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning moves from general to specific, whereas inductive reasoning moves from specific to general
46
what is syllogism
a set of formal statements used in deductive resoning (is compreised of two perises and a conclusion)
47
linear syllogism
linear progression in premises (eg. you are smarter than your best friend, your best friend is smarter than your roommate, therefore you are smarter than your roomate
48
catagorical syllogisms
most commonly studied, indicates that category memebrship of the terms
49
syllogistic reasoning two main principles
if the two premises are true the conclusion of a valid syllogism must be true and the validity of a syllogism is determined by its form not its content
49
mental model
a persons mental representation of a situation
50
confirmation bias
tendency to look for evidence that confirms our hypothesis rather than disconfirms it
51
discounting errors
have identified a possible cause, stop looking for alternatives
52
heuristics
cognitive shortcuts that allow us to make decisisons, may border on irrational
53
representativeness heuristic
involves basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
54
base rate
the naturally occurring frequency or probability of a trait, behavior, or condition within a specific population
55
conjunction fallacy
occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either happening alone (the probability of a single event is greater than or equal to the joint probability)
56
what is bayes rule used to help determine
The likelihood of an event occurring given that another event has already occurred
57
what is a hueristic
cognitive shortcut that allows us to make decisions (even if it may border on irrational)
58
what is anchoring
something that is used to estimate the value or size of a quantity, Start from the initial value and adjust to a final estimate
59
framing effects
whether the problem is framed in terms of losses or gains (affects all types of decisions by all types of people0
60
what are the three types of hueristics
representativeness, availability, and anchor/adjust
61
what are the types of associated biases
base rate/sample size, ease of recall/retrivabiltiy/presumed association, and insufficent adjustment/overconfidence
62
what is a language
a systyem of symbols, sounds, meaningn, and rules of combination that allows for communication among humans
63
what are the five propertires of language?
creativity, structure, meaning, referential, and interpersonal
64
what is the tructures of language (smallest to largest)
Phonemes (smallest speech unit) Morphemes (the smallest unit of meaning) Semantics (meanings of words/word combinations) Syntax (system of rules for arranging words into sentences)
65
what is a phonemes
smallest speech unit
66
what is a morphemes
smallest unit of meaning
67
what is a semantic
meaning of words and word combinations, objects and actions to which words refer
68
what is a syntax
a system of rules for arranging words into sentences, different rules for different languages
69
aspects of language
acquire and develop language, language comprehension, and speech production
70
course of learning language, ages and milestones
birth: crying, cooing, babbling 6 mts: babbling sound begins to resemble the surrounding language 12 mts: first word 18-24 mts: vocabulary spurt 24 mts: combining words 36 mts: complex ideas, plural, and past tense
71
brocas area
premotor areas that are important for speech production (expressive aphasia)
72
wernicke's area
temporal areas important for semantically correct speech (receptive aphasia)
73
lexical analysis
the process of representing the meaning of words | depending on the context that it is presented in
74
define intelligence
the capacity to learn from experience, using control and monitoring processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment (may require different adaptations in different contexts
75
Binet-Simon Test (IQ test/evolution0
used age differentiation for item selections (allowed for mental age/chronological age to produce an intelligence quotient to determine advanced vs delayed students)
76
adult IQ tests (Wechsler, 1955)
This test provided more of an emphasis to nonverbal reasoning, yielding to a verbal IQ, performance IQ, and full scale IQ
77
what is factor analysis?
a statistical technique used to identify underlying, unobserved variables (factors) that explain correlations among various cognitive test items, revealing the structure of intelligence
78
fluid intelligence
ability to solve novel problems (something that declines with age)
79
crystalized intelligence
a persons knowldege base (increases with age)
80
what is the difference between fluid an crystallized intelligence
fluid- ability to solve novel problems (something that declines with age) crystalized- a persons knowldege base (increases with age)
81
what is syntactic parsing
selecting the correct meaning of the sentatnce based on syntax or based on prior knowldege
PSY 305 FINAL EXAM
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