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Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Three domains of life

A
  1. Archaea - Prokaryotes
  2. Bacteria - Prokaryotes
  3. Eukarya - Eukaryotes
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2
Q

The first cells were

A

prokaryotic

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3
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  1. No DNA in nuclear envelope
  2. 1 circular chromosome
  3. No organelles
  4. No cytoskeleton
  5. Some Chorophyll-based photosynthesis
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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  1. Yes DNA in nuclear envelope
  2. > 1 linear chromosomes
  3. Yes organelles
  4. Yes cytoskeleton
  5. Some Chorophyll-based photosynthesis
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5
Q

Origin of eukaryotes

A
  1. Endosymbiosis

2. Organelles: mitocondria and plastids

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6
Q

Evidence of eukaryotes

A
  1. Presence of circular chromosomes
  2. self-replicating by binary fission like prokaryotes
  3. double membrane, with inner membrane similar to membrane of prokaryotic cells
  4. host cell cannot build these organells
  5. phylogeny
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7
Q

Alagea are..

A

polyphyletic

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8
Q

Green Algae

A
  1. Chlorophytes
  2. other algal
  3. streptophytes
  4. charales
  5. coleochaetales
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9
Q

Plastids - Primary Endosymbiosis

A
  1. Phagocyte engulfed prokaryotic cell

2. Red algae, green algae and land plants

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10
Q

Plastids - Secondary endosymbiosis

A
  1. Cell engulfed cell with endosymbiont

2. SAR clade, cryptomonads, haptophytes, euglenoids

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11
Q

Plastids - Tertiary endosymiosis

A

Some dinoflagellates

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12
Q

Land Plants vs Algae

Similarities

A
  1. Apical growth
  2. Branching
  3. Oogamy
  4. Phragmoplast (the way the cell wall forms during cytokinesis)
  5. Plasmodesmata (sytoplasmic connections)
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13
Q

Land Plants vs Algae

Differences

A
  1. Diploid sporophyte w/ sporangium/sporangia
  2. Gametangia w/ sterile jacket layers
  3. Gametophyte retains zygote and embryo
  4. spores with sporopollenin wall
  5. sporic meiosis (alternation of generations life cycle)
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14
Q

Zygotic meiosis

A

multicellular organism

zygote (2n)

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15
Q

Sporic meiosis

A

zygote (2n) -> mitosis (2n)

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16
Q

Bryophytes

A
  1. paraphyletic group

2. Non-vascular plants: lack xylem and ploem

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17
Q

Three phyla of Bryophytes

A
  1. Liverworts (Marchantiphyta)
  2. Mosses (Bryophyta)
  3. Hornworts (Antocerotophyta)
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18
Q

Gametophytes to basic body types

A
  1. Thalloid

2. Leafy

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19
Q

Protonema

A

The juvenile growth stage in mosses and some liverworts

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20
Q

Gametophyte Reproduction

A
  1. Gammae: structures for asexual reproduction
  2. Antherdium: sperm-producing structure
  3. Archaegonium: egg-producing structure
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21
Q

Gametophyte Sexual Reproduction

A

Archegonium:

  1. venter: contains one egg
  2. Calyptra: enlarged venter of archegonium
  3. Neck canal cells: disintegrate to allow sperm to swim to egg

they are all haploid

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22
Q

Liverworts

A
  1. Phylum Marchantophyta
  2. Gametophytes: thalloid or leafy
  3. Unique apomorphy: oil bodies
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23
Q

Peat mosses

A
  1. Class sphagnopsida (not sphagnidae!)
  2. distinctive features:
    a. disk-like protonema
    b. leaves with hyaline cells
    c. sporophyte without seta
    (gametophyte pseudopodium instead)
    d. explosive capsule dehiscence
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24
Q

Hadrom

A

water conducting tissue;

cells called hydroids (dead at maturity)

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25
Leptom
food-conducting tissue made of cells called leptoids (no nucleus at maturity)
26
Peat mosses life cycle
calyptra: haploid operculum: diploid capsule: diploid
27
Hornworts
1. Phylum antocerotophyta | 2. sporophyte exhibits indeterminate growth
28
What is a tracheid?
``` Type of tracheary element Tracheary elements: 1. water conducting cells 2. part of xylem 3. have secondary walls containing lignin (adds rigidity) ```
29
Early polysporangiophytes
1. simple, relatively small plants 2. sporophytes free-living, polysporanguate, branching, dichotomousm sporangia terminal on axes 3. no true roots or leaves 4. axes (outer cortex) photosynthetic 5. gametophytes free-living, unisexual, growing from basal mass of tissue, anchored by rhizoids
30
Leaf types
1. microphylls | 2. megaphylls
31
microphylls
1. lycophytes 2. 1-2 unbranched veins 3. often small 4. no leaf stalk
32
megaphylls
1. euphyllophytes 2. often have branching venation 3. often larger than microphylls 4. leaves may have a stalk
33
sporophyll
leaf that bears sporangium
34
adaxial
surface toward the axis (upper surface)
35
strobilus
sporophylss grouped
36
sporangia dehisce
they open transversely
37
homosporous
1. one spore type 2. no distinction between sporangia 3. gametophytes potentially bisexual 4. gametophytes exosporic (grow outside spore wall) 5. living groups: lycopodiaceae, most ferns, horsetails
38
heterosporous
1. two spored types 2. two spore types in separate sporangia 3. gametophytes unisexual 4. gametophytes endosporic (grow withing spore wall) 5. living groups: isoetes and selanginella, water ferns, seed plants
39
Heterospory has..
megaspores - female | microspores - male
40
equisetopsida
whork: three or more leaves attached at the same level on stem nodes and internodes
41
strobilus
sporangiophores | peltate
42
eusporangium
1. >1 initial 2. wall > 1 cell layer thick 3. no annulus 4. bigger w/ more spores 5. no stalk 6. living vascular plants excluding polypodiopsida
43
Leptosporangium
1. 1 initial cell 2. capsule wall 1 layer thick 3. annulus 4. smaller w/ fewer spores 5. often stalk 6. polypodiopsida
44
fern leaf
frond
45
fiddlehead
circinate vernation
46
once pinnate
rachis pinna petiole (stipe)
47
prothallus
gametophyte
48
water ferns
1. salvinales | 2. heteroporous ferns
49
early polysporangiophytes
1. dichotomizing axes 2. no roots, no leaves 3. terminal sporangia 4. sporangia 5. protostele 6. gametophytes unisexual, upright gametangiophores
50
psilotum
1. dichotomizing axes 2. no roots, enations 3. some forms with terminals synangia 4. synangia 5. protostele or siphonostele 6. gametophytes bisexual, look like rhizomes
51
How many sperm per pollen grain in a seed plant
two
52
What does a haustorial pollen tube do?
grows into and absorbs nutrients from nucellus of ovule
53
which see plant groups have flagellated sperm?
ginkgo and cycads
54
which seed plant do not have flagellated sperm?
coniferns, gnetophytes and angiosperms
55
In the pinus ovule, what happens to the megaspore mother cell?
it divides by meiosis to produce 4 megaspores
56
in the pinus ovule, are the megaspores haploid or diploid?
haploid
57
seed
embryo (2n) | megagametophyte (n)
58
cycads
1. cycadophyta 2. no axillary branching 3. dioceious 4. cones simple 5. insect pollinated 6. sperm flagellated
59
Ginkgophyta
1. represented by only a single species today: ginkgo biloba 2. dioecious tree 3. axillary branching 4. long and short shoots 5. deciduous
60
gnetophyta
1. three genera: a. ephedra b. gnetum c. welwitschia 2. typically dioecious 3. reproductive structures are compound cones
61
Phylum Coniferophyta
1. woody plants: tress and shrubs 2. axillary branching 3. simple leaves 4. resin canals 5. stems with lots of wood 6. ovulate cones compound, pollen cones often simple
62
oldest macrofossil evidence of angiosperms
archaefructus
63
what are the 4 basic floral whorls?
1. sepals 2. petals 3. stamens 4. carpels
64
pollination
coevolution between angiosperms and their animal. | pollinators help drive diversification of flowering plants
65
double fertilization
nucleus triploid (3n)!
66
Types of fruit
1. pome - pears 2. cypsela - sunflower 3. berries - tomato, green pepper 4. legume - peas
67
Carl Linnaeus
1. 1707-1778, swedish botanist 2. father of modern taxonomy 3. plant classification: species plantarum, 1753 4. best know for popularizing the binomial (two name) species name
68
species name
binomial: 1. genus, singular noun 2. specific epithet, possessive noun or adjective
69
natural selection
survival of the fittest
70
Homologous structures
have a common evolutionary origin; may appear similar or different/ have similar or different functions
71
Analogy
similarity not due to common ancestry, but rather convergent evolution; similar functionality solution to the same problem
72
Willi Hennig
German, phylogenetic systemtics
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