FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Three main functions of respiratory system

Answer 1

Gas Exchange
Acid-base balance
Heat Loss

Question 2

Major structures of the respiratory system

Answer 2

Upper airway and

respiratory tract (Conducting Zone and Respiratory Zone) All passages from pharynx to lungs.

Question 3

Parts of Upper Airway

Answer 3

Nasal and Oral Cavity

Pharynx

Question 4

Parts of Respiratory tract

Answer 4

Conducting Zone (Larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles)

• Air is humidified and heated/cooled to body temperature
• Considered dead space

Respiratory Zone (Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli)
-Where gas exchange occurs

Question 5

Different Pulmonary pressures

Answer 5

• Intra-alveolar pressure
• Intra-pleural pressure
• Trans-pulmonary pressure

Question 6

Describe Intra-alveolar pressure (Palv)

Answer 6

• pressure within the alveoli
• At the end of a normal inspiration, alveoli pressure (Palv) =Atmospheric Pressure (Patm)
• Gradient between Palv and Patm allows for air flow into/out of the lungs

Question 7

Air flows into the lungs when what is true with pressure

Answer 7

Palv (Alveoli pressure) < Patm (atmospheric pressure)

Question 8

Intra-pleural pressure (Pip)

Answer 8

-pressure within the pleural space
-At the end of normal inspiration Pip = -4
(the forces between the chest wall and ribcage pull the two parts of the pleura apart)

Question 9

Ribcage vs. Lungs

Answer 9

• Ribs want to expands
• lungs want to collapse
• The pleura opposes these two forces
• If the pleura isn’t airtight, the lung collapses and pneumothorax occurs

Question 10

Trans-pulmonary pressure

Answer 10

• Difference in pressure between the intra-pleural and intra-alveolar pressure
• pressure across the wall between the alveoli and the pleura
• Increased trans-pulmonary pressure leads to lung expansion

Question 11

Inspiration

Answer 11

• Diaphragm contracts
• Chest wall expands
• Thoracic cavity volume increases
• decreases intra-pleural pressure
• lungs fill up with air

Question 12

Expiration

Answer 12

• Diaphragm relaxes
• Chest wall contracts
• Thoracic cavity volume decreases
• Intra-pleural pressure increases
• Air leaves lungs
• **Normally expiration is a passive process

Question 13

Compliance

Answer 13

• The ability of a vessel to stretch as it fills

* Large compliance means a large change in volume only needs a small change in pressure

Question 14

Surface Tension

Answer 14

-Measure of the work required to increase the surface area of a liquid by a given amount
-High surface tension means more work is required
-Decreases compliance
-SURFACANT decreases surface tension
(surfacant is found in alveoli)

Question 15

How do you calculate flow?

Answer 15

Flow=pressure gradient/resistance

Question 16

What could be changed in an attempt to maintain flow when resistance is increased?

Answer 16

Increase pressure gradient by increasing expiratory muscular effort

Question 17

Tidal Volume (TV)

Answer 17

Amount of air that moves in/out of lungs during a normal breath

Question 18

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Answer 18

Maximum volume of air that can be taken into the lungs AFTER a normal inspiration

Question 19

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Answer 19

Volume of air remaining in the lungs AFTER a normal expiration

Question 20

Residual Volume (RV)

Answer 20

The amount of air remaining in the lungs AFTER a maximal exhalation

Question 21

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Answer 21

Maximal amt of air that can be inspired AFTER a normal inspiration

Question 22

Functional Reserve Capacity (FRC)

Answer 22

Max amt of air that can be exhaled AFTER a normal expiration

Question 23

vital capacity (VC)

Answer 23

Maximal amt of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs

Question 24

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Answer 24

Amt of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration

Question 25

What is Obstructive lung pathology

Answer 25

* Increases airway resistance * Overinflates lungs * Increases TLC and FRC * COPD, asthma, emphysema or chronic bronchitis

Question 26

What is Restrictive lung pathology

Answer 26

* Decreases pulmonary compliance * Decreases TLC and VC * Pulmonary Fibrosis

Question 27

Calculate how much air we breathe

Answer 27

Frequency=Respiratory rate (RR) Breathe size = Tidal Volume (Vt) Minute ventilation (Ve) = RR X Vt

Question 28

How do you calculate Resistance

Answer 28

Resistance = Pressure/Flow

Question 29

Flow of blood through pulmonary circulation

Answer 29

``` Right side of heart Pulmonary artery Pulmonary capillaries Pulmonary vein Left side of heart Systemic artery Systemic capillaries Systemic vein ```

Question 30

Dalton's Law

Answer 30

Pressure exerted by each component in a gaseous mixture is independent of other gases in the mixture

Question 31

Partial Pressures of O2 and CO2

Answer 31

O2-- Alveolar--100 mm HG arterial --100 mm HG venous--40 mm HG CO2--Alveolar--40 mm HG arterial-- 40 mm HG venous--46 mm HG

Question 32

3 main factors that affect alveolar pp of O2 and CO2

Answer 32

1-The PO2 and PCO2 of the inspired air 2-Rate of alveolar ventilation 3-Rate of of O2 consumption and CO2 production

Question 33

What will happen to PAO2 and PACO2 if you climb to top of a mountain?

Answer 33

Nothing--Assuming ventilation remains constant, since there is essentially no CO2 in the atmosphere, your PACO2 won't change

Question 34

Hyperpnea

Answer 34

An increase in ventilation to meet metabolic demand

Question 35

Hyperventilation

Answer 35

An increase in ventilation beyond what is needed for metabolic demand

Question 36

Dyspnea

Answer 36

labored or difficult breathing

Question 37

Tachypnea

Answer 37

rapid, shallow breathing

Question 38

Apnea

Answer 38

temporary cessation of breathing

Question 39

Hypoventilation

Answer 39

ventilation is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of the body

Question 40

Hypoxia

Answer 40

deficiency of oxygen in the tissues

Question 41

Hypoxemia

Answer 41

deficiency of oxygen in the blood

Question 42

hypercapnia

Answer 42

excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 43

hypocapnia

Answer 43

deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

Question 44

How is oxygen transported in blood

Answer 44

``` 97% bound to hemoglobin 3% dissolved in plasma Blood O2 content = Amt of O2 bound to hemoglobin + Amt of CO02 dissolved in plasma ```

Question 45

Oxyhemoglobin curve to LEFT

Answer 45

* decreased acidity (increased PH) * decreased carbon dioxide * decreased temp * decreased 2,3 DPG *Increases infinity of O2 and hemoglobin (easier to load)

Question 46

Oxyhemoglobin curve to RIGHT

Answer 46

* increased acidity (decreased PH) * increased carbon dioxide * increased temperature * increased 2,3 DPG *decreases affinity of O2 and hemoglobin (easier to unload)

Question 47

How is CO2 transported in the blood

Answer 47

bicarbonate (89.6%) dissolved in plasma (5.5%) bound to hemoglobin (4.9%)

Question 48

Name 2 types of pulmonary chemoreceptors

Answer 48

Central and Peripheral

Question 49

Central chemoreceptors

Answer 49

*located in Medulla | Which chemical factors involved? *H+ (directly) and CO2 (indirectly H+ cannot pass blood brain barrier)

Question 50

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 50

*located in cartoid sinus and aortic arch Which chemical factors involved? * H+, CO2 & O2 * Oxygen has biggest influence * **They stimulate the carotid and aortic chemoreceptors

Question 51

At sea level what drives us to breathe

Answer 51

increased CO2

Question 52

Normal PH of arterial blood

Answer 52

7.4%

Question 53

Arterial blood PH

Answer 53

*normal value is 7.4 *Maintained between 7.38 - 7.42(below 6.8 or above 8.0 can be fatal) *acidosis -- PH below 7.35 *Alkalosis -- PH above 7.45

Question 54

How to counteract Carbon dioxide - acidosis

Answer 54

-Increase ventilation (blow off CO2) -Convert CO2 to bicarbonate (alkaline) -Retain bicarbonate (increase in CO2 we become acidotic)

Question 55

How to counteract Bicarbonate - alkalosis

Answer 55

-Decrease ventilation (retain CO2) -Convert bicarbonate to CO2 (acidotic) -Excrete bicarbonate in the urine (Buildup of bicarbonate we become alkalotic)

Question 56

Structure of ATP

Answer 56

3-phosphate groups | 1-molecule of adenosine

Question 57

Define metabolism

Answer 57

the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur in cells

Question 58

How we use ATP to generate energy

Answer 58

Energy released when ATP broken down to ADP