1
Q
Lack of hormone cytokinin and auxin
A
- leaf abscission (if not done properly wounds are left for bugs)
- increase in ethylene
2
Q
formation of abscission
A
protective layer- seal off vascular tissue connecting petiole to stem (suberin and lignin)
sparation layer
3
Q
photoperiod
A
- light affects CO gene (affects constans?)
- CO gene makes CO protein (transcription factor) which can travel in phloem
- CO protein activates another gene
- activates LFY or leafy
4
Q
3 classes for flower identity genes
A
A- sepals A+B- petals B+C- stamen C- carpels (affected by LFY) (normal meristem to flower meristem)
5
Q
pollination
A
- wind
- insects, birds, bats (vector)
6
Q
orchids pollination
A
sac of pollen
-mimicry to attract wasps
7
Q
red flower pollination
A
visually sensitized vectors
-birds not insects
8
Q
carrion flower pollination
A
- attract flies (smells like rotting meat)
- UV absorbing pigments
9
Q
pollen grain
A
extine- made of tough protein sporopollenin; can be in sedimentary layers (has carotenoids to protect against uv light-yellow)
intine- has cellulose
tube cell- directs the synthesis of the pollen tube
generative cell- makes 2 sperm nuclei (gametes)
10
Q
dicot embryo development
A
- starts in zygote
- undergoes mitosis
- torpedo stage> heart stage
- form seed
11
Q
cotyledons
A
- first leaves/ seed leaves
- absorb endosperm in dicots during seed development
12
Q
hilum
A
scar on outside of seed where the ovule was attached
13
Q
micropyle
A
opening in ovule (remnants on seed surface)
14
Q
monocot embryo development
A
single cotyledon made of endosperm
15
Q
seed disemination
A
spread of seeds when it is ready again after dormancy
16
Q
fleshy fruit seed spread
A
taste good so animals eat them and spread by poop
17
Q
dry fruit seed spread
A
wind (samara)
animals (burs)
18
Q
germination check systems (break dormancy)
A
- require to wash out seed coat inhibitors (rain)
- undergo scarification - physical means to soften or break seed coat (acid or sand)
- cold treatment or stratification (after ripening-have to be in period of cold to germinate)
- fire (jack pin with serotonous cones)
- light
19
Q
using light to break dormancy
A
-need specific light (660); phytochrome is involved
20
Q
dicot germination
A
- root
1. hook formed by root called hypocotyl
2. pushes cotyledons above soil; form cotyledonary leaves
3. cotyledons wither
5. first true leaves form
21
Q
monocot germination
A
- covered by starch
1. shoot emerging from one end
2. coleoptile- enfolds developing leaves - seed never pushes above soil
22
Q
seed breaking dormancy
A
- dry seed
- imbibe water by osmosis
- seed swells; enzyme rehydration
- stored carbon is broken down by starch
- metabolism
23
Q
seed dormancy experiment
A
Professor Beal, MSU 1819
- seed viability in weeds
- buried 20 bottles with 20 species
- after 121 years half the moth mullein were germinating
24
Q
classification of all living
A
- aristotle divided animals and plants
- carolus linnaeus came up with binomial nomenclature
- S kingdom system- whittaker
- biotechnology caused for 3 domains: Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya
25
S kingdom system
- fungi
- animalia
- monera
- plantae
- protista
26
archae
```
live in extreme conditions; extremophiles
thermophile- temp
halophile- salt
methanogens- no oxygen; produce methane
acidiophiles- acid
```
27
Bacteria structure
-no nucleus but does have genetic material (bacterial chromosome)
-plasmids
-ribosome is only organelle (too small)
-cell wall; peptidoglycan
-reproduce using binary fission
(spherical, rod shaped, flagellum)
28
binary fission
replicate chromosome and splits
| -no structures unlike mitosis
29
bacteria's diverse metabolism
saprophytes- eat dead material
parasites- cause disease to host
symbiosis- mutual benefit with host (root nodules; rhizobium)
photosynthetic- anabaena
30
photosynthetic anabaena
- folded membranes with pigments chlorophyll a and phycocyanin
- specialized cells heterocyst for n-fixation
- have akinetic- thick wall
31
bubonic plague
yersina pesitus- bacteria
32
virus structure
-protein coat with nucleic acid inside (genetic material)
-no metabolism (infects host cell)
obligate parasite- needs host (tobacco mosaic virus)
33
influenza virus
- protein coat and spikes
| - H or N spikes- changes every year
34
virus reproduction
-inject viral DNA
-bacterial ribosomes in protein synthesis make DNA
-burst host cell
(don't treat with antibiotics bc no cell wall and can't kill them)
-ebola, zika
35
fungi structure
- yeast and molds
- nucleus and organelles
- cell wall- chitin
36
fungi reproduction types
-spores
asexual- conidia
sexual- conidia, ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores
37
fungi sexual reproduction
1. start with fungal filaments (1N)
2. grow knobs- gametangia
3. make zygospore (2N)
4. zygospore germinates like seed- makes sporangium
5. meiosis to produce spores (1N)
6. spores are released filled with filaments
38
fungi asexual reproduction
1N sporangium makes 1N spores
| -globe shape
39
ascospores
- created in long sac called ascis
- 8 ascospores
- filaments grow together to create them
40
basidiospores
- basidium- club like
- 4 basidiospores
- gilled mushrooms lined with basidiospores (gills and stipe)
- dikaryotic (N+N)- 2 haploid nuclei in same cell to produce the mushroom (unique to fungi)
- gills and pores
41
types of fungi
saprophytic- penicillium, makes penicillin
parasitic- not photosynthetic; claviceps purperea caused ergot on rye
symbiotic- lichens: green algae(photosynthesis) and fungus
42
mycorrizae
fungus that infects root but doesn't hurt it
| -symbiotic relationship with trees so they absorb more nutrients
43
eukaryotes
protisita, fungie, plantae, animalia
44
protists
animal like- amoeba
fungus like- slime and water molds (have cellulose; no chitin)
plant like- algae (photosynthetic)
45
slime and water molds
slime molds- saprophyte; interact with fish
| water mold- hydrophilic; plant disease called late blight of potato (pytopthera infestans)
46
algae
green: chlorophyll A+B
chlamedemonas-green and unicellular
spirogyra-filamentous
volvox- colonial
47
diatoms
- golden brown
- not motile; no flagella
- Chlorophyll A+C
- delicate silica walls
48
brown algae
- fucus, seaweed, kelp
- fuco. xanthrin
- stored carbohydrate alginic acid- emulsified (makes ice-cream)
- chlorophyll a and c
49
red algae
- chlorophyll a and d
- stored carbohydrate caragreenan- thicker, yogurt
- agar
50
dinoflagellates (plankton)
- 2 flagella
- orange- carotinoids
- red tide- produce toxins that can kill fish
- bioluminescent- chemical luciferin and enzyme luciferase (atp and O2)
51
cyanobacterium
macrocystis
| microcystis- liver toxin
52
chromatic adaptation
brown- deep
green- middle
red- shallow; blue has most energy (green algae)
53
stratefication
layering of plants to get more light
| -lianas and epiphytes (orchids, bromeliads, philodendron)
54
competition with insects
produce secondary metabolites
- alkaloid quite from bark (treats malaria)
- avare- poisonous
Plant Biology
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