1
Q
A
Last Judgement
Church of St. Faith, France
Romanesque
- subject matter = Last Judgement from bible
- damned to Left, saved to Right
- Christ on Center
- St. Peter holds the keys
- church famous for relicuaries of Saint Faith who was decapitated
- in Conques, France
2
Q
A
Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy (St. Faith)
Church of St. Faith @ Conques, France
Romanesque
- St. Faith, Christian martyr who died for her faith,decapitated
- Reliquary decorated container that holds body parts of the martyr
- veneration of icons or relics but not idol worship according to the church
- enhanced the church prestige & wealth, thus they performed “holy robbery”
- stolen by Conques monks from her shrine at Agen.
3
Q
A
Cathedral Complex Pisa
Tuscany, Italy
Romanesque
- Cathedral, baptistery & campanile built with spillage of war
- faces East (the rising sun), symbolic of Christ
- Cathedral designed as a cruciform basilica
- Rounded arches typical of Romanesque architecture
- not overly adorned exterior
- Islamic bronze griffin on the column on the roof
4
Q
A
Last Judgement Cathedral of St.Lazarus
Autun, Burgundy, France
Romanesque
- Tympanum at Autun, Last Judgement scene
- Scene of scale/balance weighing the soul, soul indicated by infant/baby (similar to Egyptian imagery), scale of good & evil
- archangel Michael & devil/demon at the scale judging a soul
- used as social control, by scarring people w/images carrying basic message of consequences.
- lively narrative
- the cross (a badge of Jerusalem) & scallop shell identifies former pilgrims
5
Q
A
Crucifix (copy of Italian Volto Santo)
Catalunya, Spain
Romanesque
- known as Majestat Batllo
- full gowned/clothed Christ
- Spanish version/copy of “The Holy Face” an Italian crucifix
- Nicodemus began sculpture & miraculously the face by finished overnight when he woke up.
- Bishop wanted new church & used this relic as a reason to build it
- variation of arabic text (cufic= seudo/false, text appear to be but not real writen language) at the hem of the gown, to emulate something from the holy land.
6
Q
A
Messengers Signal Appearance of Halley’s Comet
Bayeux Embroidery, Norman
Romanesque
- Norman conquest of England by William the Conqueror
- scene tells comet is an omen, that Harold had done wrong by braking the pledge/vows by taking the throne from William
- Justifies Williams battle & conquest of England
- Proof that publicly justified his battle
- commissioned by winning side
7
Q
A
Harold’s Oath
Bayeus Embroidery, Norman
Romanesque
- scene depicts King Harold appering before William & pledging fealty for William to be king, but Harold takes the throne illicitly.
- Thus, embroidery recounts the history of the Norman Conquest of England.
- Portrays how the battle was carried out
- Depicts events before, during & the cause of the invasion of England.
- Harold w/arrow through his eye, legitimize the conquest
- Very useful propaganda
8
Q
A
Saint-Denis Church, Interior
France
Gothic
- 1st Gothic Church Architecture
- Church for Royals, housed kings of France tumbs, French crown, & relics of St.Denis
- St. Denis (patron of France) thought to have walked w/his head on his hand & where he expired the church was built.
- Abbot Suger supervised & directed construction.
- Roman document signed by Dianisis & thought to be St.Denis gave him the idea of Stained Glass windows to add light
- external Flying Buttresses & Pointy Arches for structure strength are hallmark of Gothic Architecture
9
Q
A
Chartres Cathedral (Cathedral of Notre-Dame)
France
High Gothic
- Asymmetrical spires, East facing
- highly decorated/sculpture exterior
- Dedicated to Virgin Mary, holds Santa Camisa=her tunic/blouse which people paid to see it (this funded the construction+ taxes)
- Big rose window detail
- Virgin Mary & Baby Jesus
- royal figures
- Old testament prophets
- Flower lily=French monarchy symbols (code of armor)
- Castle=Spanish code of armor
- Tympanum decorations 3arches at entrance door: Ascension/Jesus/Virgin Mary w/Jesus
10
Q
A
Rose Window and Lancers
Chartres Cathedral, France
Gothic Stain Glass
- Virgin Mary & Jesus
- 12 holy spirits
- old testament prophets
- Royal figures
- French monarchy symbol (code of armor)= Flower Lily
- Spanish monarchy symbol = Castle
11
Q
A
Saint-Chapelle Interior
Paris, France
Gothic
- build by King Lui IV
- built to hold relics related to Christ bought from his cousin who had financial problems
- verticality & pointed arches
- original Gothic glass windows tell stories
- richly decorated
- buildig cost 40k vs reliquaries 135k
- guilded chalice holds Christ crown of thorn
- radiant style building, for its light emanating from tall stained glass windows
12
Q
A
Holofernes’ Army Crossing the Euphrates River
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris
Gothic
- portrays Holofernes’ equestrian warriors from the old testament in midieval armor
- depiction to justify King Lui “Holy War”
- bolstering King Lui’s own position
- overlapping figures & forshortening of horses
- glass stained windows w/stories
13
Q
A
Cimabue
Virgin & Child Enthroned
Italian
- Greek/Byzantine Art Style influence
- formal & linear emphasis to draw in attention
- guilded gold background, flattens space
- abstract patterns are viewed as clothing
- painting is about Jesus, so Virgin points to him
- Artist Cimabue (Cheni de Peppo) a master of his style.
- his apprentice Giotto, later great artist
14
Q
A
Giotto
Virgin & Child Enthroned
Italian
- developed along side master Cimabue
- reflected a more humanistic subjects
- higher contrast creates a sense of 3D
- more naturalistic approach
- his influence goes to the Impressionist time
- hand gesture more natural, by now people are more literate
- perspective, overlapping, point of view more uniform & coherent-viewer is down looking up to the scene.
- angels are sensed they are more on the same plane, more believable
- forms are created by light & dark vs line by Cimabue
- painterly style vs Cimabue linear style
15
Q
A
Giotto
Lamentation, Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel
Italy
- grief, primary emotion
- diagonal line of rock leading eye to Christ
- light & dark contrast
- images sorounding Christ
- all have different facial expressions
- contrast of light & dark in hands of angels & expressive & shocked
- body language portray grief
- all gaze on Christ
- commitioned by unscrupulous banking family Enrico Scrovegni to clear their name
16
Q
A
Virgin & Child Sculpture
from Saint-Denis church
French
- elegant, sophisticated, serene
- contrapposto stand
- from the French royal court
- silver gilt & enamel
- apple on baby Jesus represents his role as the new Adam redeming humanity from sin
17
Q
A
Ivory Chest w/scenes from Courtly Romances
French
- from French Court
- possessed by a woma, gift from husband/lover
- box tells stories, symbolism of provocative/sexual concerns
- aristotles story to Alexander the great to stay away from women bec of their charms, to keep his mind in his work
- then aristotle is being riden by a woman, he did not learn his own lesson
- scene of fountain of youth, shows Europeans facination of foreign tales
- scenes are opposite to church going images, reflecting inner fantasies
- scene w/lovers, king spying & slaying of unicorn portrays the redemtion of the girls honor
- symbolism: cupid, flowers, oak-fertility, unicorn slayed only in the presence of a virngin girl
18
Q
A
Ivory Chest, Tristan & Iseult at the Fountain
French
- Literature portrayal of lovers story
- Tristan & Iseult illicit romantic meeting, the King finds out & spyes on them from a tree, but the couple see his reflection & do nothing.
- a unicorn is slayed by hunter while enchanted & resting on a virgin girl, symbolic of the restoration of the honor of the queen.
19
Q
A
Pieta (Mary & Jesus)
German
- humble image, emotional
- scene not described in the Bible
- expressionistic, not necessarily natural
- proportions are off, does not follow classical rules
- probably for a town church, for poor people
- wounds are inflamed similar to bubonic flames from the plague
- seems to portray Christ if he had died from the plague
- emphasis is Christ suffering
- associates people suffering w/Christ crucifix suffering
- contrast from Virgin & Child French Royal Sculpture
20
Q
A
Terracota Soldiers
from mausoleum of Emperor Shihuangdi
Qin Dynasty
- 8k soldiers modeled
- arranged in military formation
- original weapons stolen to kill the Qin dynasty
- Qin dynasty responsible for:
- administrative system
- unified written language
- unified coinage/currency
- made commerce & official documents easier
- hughe public works, hundreds of palaces
- extended Great Wall of China
- eliminated title system, allowing farmers/common people to rise to military ranks
- purged hundred of scholars
- mlitarized society, forcing spying
- Mauseleum created like a mountain w/rivers & mountains, an earth replica
21
Q
A
Painted Banner of Lady Dai
Han Dynasty
- Lady Dai burial guide to after life
- silk banner, T-shape
- reflects Han’s cosmology, a guide to after life (similar to Egyptian book of the dead). 3 Realm/levels of the universe:
- Top= heaven
- Middle= earthly
- Lower= underworld
- Heaven-Lady Dai rides a dragon as she ascends to heaven
- Harpies Greek image (woman head & body/wings/claws of a bird), reflects trade w/other countries
- Earthly-Lady Dai receives gifts
- Underworld-fish & other creatures
22
Q
A
Seated Buddha
Yungang Caves, Shanxi Province, central China
- rock-cut cave sculpture, 45 ft tall
- serine, calm
- eternal gaze
- flame behind, symbol of achieving enlightenment
- long ears, sign of former privilege life in palace
- meditation image
- elaborate garment
- pilgrimage site
- site near Great Wall of China
23
Q
A
Standing Buddha
Bamiyan, Afghanistan
- Pilgrimage site
- 5th century CE
- carved before country was islamic
- was covered with jewels
- Now destroyed by the Taliban
24
Q
Recall points of the film
A
- dramatic images & sounds, presented as mysterious
- monk chasing scene shows disrespect for culture by calling monk strange & dance
- emperor portrait (unknown) but portrait shown is portrayed w/high emphasis as an evil emperor
- 8k terracota army
- gold suit w/Jade pieces took 10yrs to make
- had blast furnes technology, mass producing iron 1500yrs before Europe.
- Qin Dynasty, ruled by emperor Shihuangdi
- mausoleum mirror image of emperor’s habitat
- mountain, rivers, celestial constalations
- eliminated 400 scholars
- created group of 5-punishment applied to all
- terracota weapons used to overthrow Qin Dynasty
- idea of after life
- unified coinage & written language
- extended Great Wall of China
25
Burial Chamber
Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria
* Archaeological Site
* 10th CE
* Tumb of Priest King, a high status person
* gold images in bronze
* Symbol of political power:
* multicolor **Beads** 100k (crown jewels), incl. glass imported from Egypt
* Carnelia stone beads poss. from Egypt/India, beads also circulated as money
* elephant **Ivory** tusk carved, symbol of power/kings
* animal imagery-avitars, metaphors, proverbs
* **Leopard**-symbol of political power, not to be questioned
26
Roped Pot
Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria
Bronze
* independently invented by native people
* offering to an altar
* complicated method to cast
* can be a musical instrument
27
Crowned Head of Queen
Ife, Yoruba Culture, Nigeria
Brass
* King sculpture
* scarification patterns (face decorations by scaring)
* may represent a female *oni*
* commemorates/honor a relative
* realism suggest it could be a portrait, but idealized representing physical beauty & moral character.
* prejudiced ideas by Europeans thought sculpture was created by Greeks from lost island of Atlantis.
* *Oni is Ife's first ruler-the oni Oduduwa-came from heaven to create earth & populate it.*
* Ife is regarded as the "navel of the world", the site of creation.
28
Ritual Vessel, Ife
Yoruba, Nigeria
Ceramic
* altar image on broken pot is abstract, reprisents the inner head
* Serpent, associated w/spiritual world, a religious symbol that connects heaven & earth
* broken at the bottom to pour offering/liquid that would penetrate to earth
* found in the ground in a royal tumb bet. two altars
* from Yoruba Culture, Nigeria
29
Royal Altar
Edo Culture, Nigeria
* Benin brass heads & carved elephant ivory tusks (symbol of power)
* stylized heads & features
* *oba* = king
* crown is consider a deity
* olokun- represented by crocodile?, color is white; a symbol of wealth, fertility, economic power, realm is ocean/water.
* heads are symbolic of intelligence, wisdom, ability to succeed in this world or to communicate w/spiritual forces in the ancestral world.
30
Hip Mask for a Queen Mother (Iyoba)
Benin, Nigeria
Edo Culture
Ivory
* Benin is a royal art, only the oba (king) could commission works in brass or ivory
* ornamental belt mask
* represents iyoba (queen mother-the oba's mother)
* originally inlaid w/rion
* may represent Idia, mother of Esigie a powerful oba.
* Idia remembered for raising an army & using magical powers to help her son defeat his enemies.
* necklace represent Portuguese soldiers, Portuguese helped Esigie expand his kingdom.
* Olokun (Lord of the Great Waters) symbolized by mudfish, viewed as semidivine, mediates bet. the human world & the supernatural world of Olokun.
31
Plaque with Warriors
Benin, Nigeria
Edo Culture
Brass
* Warrior chief back from war
* Center is chief with eben sword (leaf-shape), symbol of high rank & loyalty to the oba
* little figures with offerings to the oba
* hip image of Leopard, symbol of power
* plaque decorated the royal palace of the kingdom of Benin
* in high relief depicts details of costume & figures
* foliage background employed healing rituals
Art & Civilization 201A
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
# Cards
