Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

Why it is necessary for mitosis to result in identical daughter cells

Answer 1

identical - same cell & function

Question 2

Events that occur in each phase of the cell cycle

Answer 2

• cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells
• Interphase = cell grows & DNA replicates

(G1 - cell active, little change)
(S - DNA replicated, sister chromatids)
(G2 - prepares to divide)

• Mitotic = cell divides into two new identical daughter cells

Question 3

Events that occur in each stage of mitosis

Answer 3

• 4 stages
• Prophase = chromsomes condense, crossing over occurs
• Metaphase = chromosomes align along metaphase plate
• Anaphase = sister chromatids split apart, opposite ends of cell
• Telophase = nuclear envelope forms 2

Question 4

Cytokinesis in an animal cell vs in a plant cell

Answer 4

• cytoplasm divides into two new daughter cells

A - cleavage furrow
P - cell plate

Question 5

Cancer

Answer 5

• Cells losing control of their cell cycle, repeatedly divides

-Neoplasm = clump of same mutated cells

-telomerase enzyme = divides indefinitely

• Tumor = mass of cells
• Oncogene = mutation that causes tumor development
• Proto-oncogene = normal gene converts to an oncogene

Question 6

Explain what causes a cell to grow uncontrollably

Answer 6

• improper replication of DNA during the S phase
• gene mutation

Question 7

Sex chromosomes

Answer 7

• XY chromosomes
• determine sex

Question 8

Autosomes

Answer 8

Non-sex chromosome
- first 22 chromosomes
- homozygous

Question 9

Somatic Cells

Answer 9

• Human body cells
• contains 46 chromosomes (diploid)

Question 10

Gametes

Answer 10

Haploid sex cell - egg / sperm

Question 11

Diploid vs Haploid

Answer 11

• Diploid 46 chromosomes, associated with mitosis
• Haploid 23 chromosomes, associated with meiosis

Question 12

Relationship between meiosis and sexual reproduction

Answer 12

Meiosis produce sex cells that join to form zygote during sexual reproduction

Question 13

Events that occur in each stage of meiosis

Answer 13

Meiosis I:
- separation of homologous pairs

PI - recombinant chromosomes

MI - align on the metaphase plate

AI - homologous chromosomes are separated

TI - nuclear envelope forms

Meiosis II:
- separation of sister chromatids

PII - nuclear envelope breaks down

MII - align metaphase plate

AII - separated sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell

TII - Individual chromatids, nuclear envelope forms

Question 14

Similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 14

Similarity - Both are preceded by DNA replicated in S phase

Difference - Meiosis = 4 haploid daughter cells / Mitosis = 2 identical daughter cells

Question 15

Self-fertilization vs cross fertilization

Answer 15

Self = fusion of sex cells by the same individual (flowers)

Cross = two different true-breeding traits together

Genes - heritable traits

Alleles - variants of a gene - determine trait

Question 16

True-breeding

Answer 16

offspring identical to the parent

Question 17

Heterozygous vs homozygous

Answer 17

Homozygous = two identical alleles
Heterozygous = Different alleles, One dominant, one recessive

Question 18

Phenotypic ratio versus Genotypic ratio

Answer 18

Phenotype - ratios of visible characteristics / 3 green : 1 yellow

Genotypic - ratio of different genotype / 1 (YY) :2 (Yy) :1 (yy)

P generation - first generation in a cross

F1 generation - offspring of the parental generation

F2 generation - offspring from F1 self fertilizing or fertilized

Question 19

Pedigrees

Answer 19

chart that shows trait or health condition through generations

Question 20

Mendel’s law of segregation

Answer 20

Genes segregate equally into gametes

one allele for each gene

Question 21

law of independent assortment

Answer 21

Genes do not influence each other

Question 22

Why linked genes do not always follow Mendel’s law of independent assortment

Answer 22

alleles tend to transmit together not independently

Question 23

Explain how genetic variation in a species occurs, including mutations and inheritance patterns

Answer 23

• sexual reproduction = new combinations of genes
• Mutations = change dna sequence

Question 24

Chemical compositions and structures of DNA and RNA

Answer 24

DNA:
- nucleotides =deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

• double helix

Bases - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

RNA:
- nucleotides = nitrogenous base, ribose (a five-carbon sugar), and a phosphate group

• single stranded
• Bases - Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine

Question 25

Basic structure of a chromosome

Answer 25

chromatin that contains DNA,

Question 26

Chromatin vs chromosomes

Answer 26

Chromatin - DNA and protein , chromosomes' building material Chromosomes - chromatin that contains DNA

Question 27

Homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids

Answer 27

Sister chromatids - two identical copies of each chromosome , after DNA replication Homologous chromosomes - matched pairs of chromosomes

Question 28

Autosomes vs sex chromosomes

Answer 28

A - non-sex chromosomes - first 22 pair chromosomes - homologous S - nonhomologous chromsomes, X & Y

Question 29

Events that occur during each step of DNA replication, transcription, and translation

Answer 29

Replication - Base pairs A&T, G&C - occurs during the synthesis phase, or S phase, of the cell cycle, before the cell enters mitosis or meiosis Transcription - prokaryotes and eukaryotes perform the same - occurs in three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotes - occurs in the nucleus Prokaryotes - occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 30

gene regulation in eukaryotic cells

Answer 30

can occur at all stages

Question 31

Recombinant DNA and explain the processes used to create recombinant DNA

Answer 31

DNA fragments by molecular cloning

Question 32

Advantages of gene therapy

Answer 32

cure heritable diseases.

Question 33

Contributions of Lamarck, Darwin, Lyell, and Wallace to the theory of evolution

Answer 33

Darwin and wallace - natural selection Lyell-gradual change in species Lamarck - Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 34

Observations and deductions that Darwin generated to account for natural selection

Answer 34

- characteristics inherited - resources for survival and reproduction limited - variations are inherited

Question 35

Natural Selection

Answer 35

- population possess beneficial traits - more likely to survive and reproduce

Question 36

List, in order, the four distinct ages

Answer 36

Precambrian eon - fossils Paleozoic era - meteor strikes and volcanics eruptions (cambrian explosion) Mesozoic era - evolution and diversification the dinosaurs Cenozoic era - mammals and birds became prominent, ice age

Question 36

Describe how evolution occurs

Answer 36

by natural selection characteristics change - new species arise.

Question 37

Homologous vs analogous structures

Answer 37

H - they share similarities despite differences A - similar in function and appearance, but no common ancestor.

Question 38

Prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers

Answer 38

Pre - prevent mating Post - sterile hybrids

Question 39

Define the biological species concept and describe the process of speciation

Answer 39

- formation of two species from one original species - impossible for the two new populations to interbreed

Question 40

Allopatric vs sympatric speciation

Answer 40

Allopatric - other homelands - geographic separation Sympatric - non-geographic barrier, one population into two

Question 41

Describe directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selections

Answer 41

Dir - one extreme phenotype Dis - two or more opposing phenotypes, creating a balance Stab - intermediate phenotypes favored, extreme phenotypes not successful

Question 42

Microevolution vs macroevolution

Answer 42

Micro - changes within one population (natural selection) Macro - Large-scale evolutionary (creation of new species/mass extinctions)

Question 43

Speciation and non-branching evolution

Answer 43

Non-branching = significant changes by adapting to their environment - no new species Speciation = creation of new species

Question 44

Evolutionary patterns of gradual evolution vs punctuated equilibrium

Answer 44

G.E - evolve very slowly over time P.E - species have appeared suddenly then unchanged until extinction

Question 45

Explain the concept of exaptation

Answer 45

use of a trait for a purpose other than what the trait was evolved for

Question 46

Sexual selection and its impacts on populations

Answer 46

certain traits are more likely to find a mate

Question 47

Describe taxonomy and biological classification

Answer 47

Tax - identification and naming of living organisms Bio - groups based on similar characteristics

Question 48

Early methods of biological classification to modern classification techniques

Answer 48

Went from 2 - to 5 - to currently 3 kingdoms Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Question 49

Spontaneous generation vs biogenesis

Answer 49

S - life arise from nonliving matter B - could only come from preexisting life

Question 50

Summarize the four steps hypothesized to have led to the origin of life

Answer 50

- Organic Molecules - Metabolism - Genetic Material - Cell membrane

Question 51

Distinguish between the 3 domains

Answer 51

B- A- E-

Question 52

Explain the endosymbiont hypothesis to describe the evolution of eukaryotes

Answer 52

eukaryotic cells could have derived from prokaryotic cells prokaryotes engulfed bacteria and lived together forming eukaryotes

Question 53

Identify the major categories of protists

Answer 53

Plant Animal Fungi

Question 54

Describe how fungi obtain nutrition, grow, reproduce, and develop

Answer 54

- decompose organic materials ex : dead trees, animals, waste - environments = moist and slightly acidic, dark or light places fungal spores distribute by wind or animal

Question 55

Describe 5 main fungal groups

Answer 55

Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Glomeromycota

Question 56

List ecological roles of and human interactions with fungi

Answer 56

E: - decomposers - parasitic - mutualisms H: industrial / commercial applications - antibiotics

Question 57

Describe the basic structure and function of the 3 types of viruses

Answer 57

Bacteriophages - inject DNA into the bacteria Plant - RNA Animal - DNA, viral envelope

Question 58

How viruses are similar to but also different from living organisms

Answer 58

- have genetic program - no cells