1
Q
What are the advantage of the oral route of administration?
A
- easy to administer
- NOT painful or embarrassing
- Less expensive
- most/only effective route for some drugs
- Dry forms can reduce stability issues
2
Q
What are some disadvantage of the oral route of administration?
A
- Absorption of the drug can vary
- Therapeutic action can be inconsistent and unpredictable
- Onset is slower
- Some drugs are destroyed in GI or might react with food in stomach
- Can’t be used if patient is comatose or nauseous
- no guarantee of patient compliance
3
Q
What are some pros/cons of an oral liquid medication?
A
Pros: easy to swallow, flexible dosing, easy to compound, good for kids, elderly, or in feeding-tubes
Cons: Not convenient to carry, hard to mask drug taste, difficult to formulate, shorter BUD then tablet
4
Q
Syrups
A
- oral solutions with high sugar concentration
5
Q
Spirit
A
- alcoholic solutions (to dissolve ingredients)
- store in tight/light resistant container
6
Q
Elixer
A
- sweetened hydro alcoholic liquid
7
Q
Tincture
A
- vegetable or chemical substances in alcoholic/hydroalcoholic solvents
- use percolation or maceration process
8
Q
Aromatic water
A
- clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile substances
- store in tight, light resistant containers
9
Q
Lotions are liquid ______________ for external applications to the skin
A
emulsions
10
Q
Dissolve __________ soluble substances in the aqueous portion of the solvent and dissolve less soluble substances in ________________ then add solvent (QS) to reach final volume.
A
water, alcohol
11
Q
________ viscosity liquids should be added to ___________ viscosity liquids and stirred constantly.
A
HIGH, LOW
12
Q
How could you speed up the preparation time for a solution?
A
- heating the solvent
- stirring
- shaking
- ultrasonic bath
13
Q
Solutions allow the dose to be completely _________________, immediately available for absorption and distribution.
A
homogenous
14
Q
Some drugs may be __________ stable when in solution or __________ stable in solvents that are acceptable for pharmaceutical use.
A
less, not
15
Q
Can a sugar-free syrup be compounded for a diabetic patient?
A
YES, artificial sweeteners can be used along with a thickener
16
Q
No preservative is needed for a syrup if concentration of sugar is over __________%.
A
65
17
Q
Syrups allow for improved compliance in _____________, mask the taste of the drug and soothe irritated tissue in the ____________.
A
children, throat
18
Q
Why should be careful not to apply excessive heat when preparing a syrup?
A
Can cause hydrolysis, caramelization, discoloration
19
Q
What type of alcohol is used as a solvent in making an elixir?
A
Ethanol
20
Q
What advantage does the higher alcohol content give to an elixir as a dosage form?
A
- better solvent for many drugs
- more resistant to microbial growth
21
Q
Best practice for elixirs is to dissolve water-soluble substances in __________________, the alcohol-soluble substance in the alcohol, then add the ______________ solution to the _______________ solution and stir constantly.
A
purified water, aqueous, alcohol
22
Q
Suspensions are liquids that contain ingredients (active or inert) that are NOT soluble in the vehicle. True or False?
A
True
23
Q
What dosage form consists of a two-phase system made up of fine solid particles dispersed in a liquid?
A
Suspension
24
Q
Compared with solutions, what are the advantages and disadvantages of suspensions?
A
PROS: Drugs that are unstable, or difficult to mask in solution, may be more stable and taste better in suspensions
CONS: Dose precision can’t be achieved unless in unit dose form, more prone to microbial contamination
25
What steps need to be followed in order to compound a suspension?
1. Reduce particle size
2. Add vehicle to paste, stirring constantly
3. Pour mixture into calibrated bottle/graduate
4. Rinse mortar with vehicle
5. Add vehicle to bottle/graduate until final volume achieved
26
When making a suspension using hydrophobic powder, what can we add to the powder when forming a paste that will help it disperse in the vehicle?
glycerin
27
What excipients can be added to a suspension?
- Suspending agent that slows settling out of particles
- Sweetener
- Flavour, colour, preservative
28
Ora sweet can be substituted for ____________ syrup
Ora Plus can be subbed for ________________.
Ora Blend is a just combination of Ora Sweet and Ora Plus in a 1:1 ratio.
Simple, Methylcellulose 1%
29
An Emulsion is a two-phase system consisting of two ____________ liquids and an ______________ agent to hold them together in the form of small droplets
immiscible, emulsifying
30
What are the three components that make up an emulsion?
- Internal (dispersed) phase - droplets
- External phase - liquid containing the droplets
- Emulsifying agent
31
Water in oil emulsions are usually intended for _____________ preparations such as topical creams and ____________.
external, lotions
32
Oil in water emulsions are the most _________ preparations and preferred for ___________ preparations.
common, oral
33
An emulsion requires an energy source to break up liquid and increase surface area of internal phase and coat with an emulsifying agent. True or False?
TRUE
34
What are the three types of emulsifiers?
1. Surface active agents
2. Hydrophilic colloids
3. Finely divided solid particles
35
What do all methods for making an emulsion have in common with each other?
- subdividing the internal phase into very fine uniforms droplets
- adding minimum amount of oil/water to emulsifying agent to create a sticky mixture
36
What are the the steps for creating an emulsion using the WET GUM method?
- Make a mucilage first
- add minimum water to emulsifying agent, triturate until uniform
- add oil in small quantities with rapid trituration
- add additional water slowly
- triturate rapidly until complete
37
What are the the steps for creating an emulsion using the DRY GUM method?
- mix emulsifying agent with oil and rapidly mix in a mortar/pestle
- add water all at once and triturate rapidly
- a "snapping" sound is heard when the primary emulsion is formed
- add more water slowly and rapidly triturate until emulsion is completely formed
38
What is the BOTTLE method for forming an emulsion?
- shake together in a bottle using short rapid movements
- useful for volatile liquids that rapidly evaporate
39
Creaming happens when droplets in emulsion may rise to top or sink to bottom. Emulsions that separate in this way can be made uniform again by __________________.
Shaking
40
Coalesced emulsions can also be said to _____________ or _____________. This happens when droplets separate as a layer on top/bottom due to the formations of larger droplets from smaller ones.
Crack, break
41
Cracking/breaking can be caused by....
1. Freezing, thawing or extreme heat
2. Microbial contamination
3. Oxidation
4. Addition of ingredients
5. Dilution
42
Gels are __________________ systems consisting of suspension made up of small inorganic particles or large organic molecules, interpenetrated by a liquid.
semi-solid
43
Magma is a thick suspension of small inorganic _______________. Will form liquid on top due to settling of ______________ particles. Requires a "_____________" label.
solids, colloidal, shake well
44
Powders consist of a _______ dosage form made from blended mixture of active ingredients and ______________.
solid, excipiants
45
How can powders be administered?
1. mixed with water, juice or food
2. Insufflated (blown)
3. applied topically
46
What are some advantages of powder as a dosage form?
- freedom of dosage
- good for vet prep
- good for children (can easily mix with food)
- good stability
47
What are some disadvantages of powders a dosage form?
- Time consuming to prepare
- difficult to mask taste
- hard to protect from moisture and air
- measuring device is often not accurate
48
What is a good strategy when volume requires use of a partial tablet?
- Make more suspension that required
- weigh one tablet and calculate how many grams of drug + excipients you must weigh in total
49
Ointment bases are _______________ bases that act as carrier of the medication and controllers of absorption. Bases must be compatible, _________________ and capable of releasing the medication
semi-solid, non-irritating
50
What are the four classes of ointment bases?
Hydrocarbon
Absorption
Water-removable
Water-soluble
51
What are features are we wanting in an ointment base?
- chemically/physically stable
- nonreactive and compatible with wide range of medications
- non-toxic, non-sensitizing, non-irritating
- aesthetically appealing, non-greasy and easy to apply
- stays in contact with skin until removed
52
What are some properties of a HYDROCARBON base?
- purified mixture of hydrocarbons from petroleum
- immiscible with water and difficult to wash off
- not absorbed by skin
- greasy
- protectant
- used to protect, emollient, vehicle
EXAMPLE: Petrolatum
53
What are some advantage/disadvantages of a HYDROCARBON base?
PRO: Inexpensive, nonreactive, nonirritating, good emollient,
protective, and not water washable (stay on the skin and keep
medications in contact).
CONS: Poor patient acceptance (greasy), not easily removed
54
What are some properties of ABSORPTION bases?
- they are capable of w/o and o/w emulsions
- can hold large quantities of water without changes in consistency
- greasy
- used as protectant, emollient or vehicle for aqueous preps
EXAMPLE: Lanolin, Aquaphor, Aquabase, Cold Cream, Eucerin
55
What are some advantage/disadvantages of a ABSORPTION bases?
PROS:Good protective, occlusive and emollient properties, do not wash
off easily (drug stays in contact with the skin), and can absorb
liquids.
CONS: Poor patient acceptance, difficult to wash off, and those
containing water are susceptible to microbial growth.
56
What are some properties of WATER-REMOVABLE bases?
AKA Emulsion bases or Creams
- Water-washable
- non-greasy
- emollient
- used in cleansing creams, emollients and as a vehicle
EXAMPLE: Vanishing Cream, Deramabase
57
What are some advantage/disadvantages of a WATER-REMOVABLE base?
PROS:Non greasy, aesthetically pleasing, and easily removed form the
skin.
CONS: Less protective, less emollient, and less occlusive that absorption
bases, stability issues due to water content, and subject to
microbial growth.
58
What are some properties of WATER-SOLUBLE bases?
- greaseless (don't contain any oils)
- water soluable/washable
- non-greasy
- emollient
- used as a vehicle or emollient
EXAMPLE: Polyethylene glycol ointment NF
59
What are some advantage/disadvantages of a WATER-REMOVABLE base?
PROS: Soluble in water, easily washed off with no oily residue
CONS: Irritating, little emollient properties, some compatibility issues
60
What is a CREAM?
- semi-solid dosage form containing dissolved drugs in suitable base (viscous emulsion)
- Can be formulated as a w/o or o/w emulsion
- can use either an absorption base or a water-removable base
61
What is a PASTE?
- semi-solid dosage form for topical application
- large portion of solids dispersed in a fatty vehicle
1. Single phase aqueous gel
2. Fatty paste
- less greasy and penetrating than ointments
- USED: sunblock, toothpaste
62
Levigation is the process of ____________ particle size of a solid by _____________ or spatulation with a small amount of liquid in which the solid is not soluble
reducing, trituration
63
What types of levigating agents should be used for oleaginous bases vrs. water-removable/soluble bases?
Mineral oil - oleaginous base
Glycerin - water-removable/soluble bases
64
Ointments and semi-solids are more physically stable than solutions, suspensions or emulsions and have a better/longer BUD. True or False?
True
65
What three things are good to keep in mind when selecting a suitable base?
1. What is the desired effect?
2. What is the nature of the incorporated medicine?
3. Where is it being applied?
66
The main functions of the skin are to protect from elements and reduce water loss. True or False?
True
67
Our skin helps regulate our body temperature and participates in the ________ response. It also responds to chronic irritation and mirrors your ____________________ level.
immune, stress
68
For wet skin lesions use lotions, solutions, pastes, water based creams and __________. For dry skin lesions used ______________.
Powders, ointments
69
What is percutaneous absorption?
absorption of a drug through unbroken skin
70
What factor affect the rate of absorption?
Application: pressure and rubbing, surface area
Concentration
pH of final product
Epidermal layer thickness and condition
Base of product
71
What are some disadvantage of the dermal route of administration?
- amount absorbed is limited (2mg/day)
- can use percutaneous enhancers to promote absorption
72
What ingredients are considered percutaneous enhancers?
- Alcohols
- Fatty alcohols, acids and acid esters
- Polyols
- Anionic surfactants
- Cationic surfactants
- Amphoteric surfactants
- Nonionic surfactants
73
For epidermic penetration use an _______________ base.
For endodermic penetration use an _______________ base.
For diadermic penetration use an ______________ or ____________ base.
oleaginous, absorption, emulsion, water-soluble
Compounding
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