Final For Lecture Class

Question 0

Hydrologic cycle

Answer 0

Illustrates the circulation of Earth’s water supply. Cycle is balanced

Question 1

Processes involved in hydrologic cycle

Answer 1

Precipitation, Evaporation, Infiltration, Runoff, transpiration

Question 2

Running water

Answer 2

• Begins as sheet flow

Question 3

Infiltration capacity controlled by

Answer 3

• intensity and duration of the rainfall
• prior wetted condition of the soil
• soil texture
• slope of the land
• nature of the vegetative cover

Question 4

Factors that determine flow velocity

Answer 4

• Channel Gradient or slope
• channel characteristic. (Shape, size, roughness)
• amount of water flowing in the channel

Question 5

What is the head of stream like

Answer 5

• Profile is a smooth curve

- gradient decreases downstream

Question 6

Factors that increase downstream

Answer 6

• velocity
• discharge
• channel size

Question 7

Factors that decrease down stream

Answer 7

• gradient or slope

- channel roughness

Question 8

What is base level?

Answer 8

It is the lowest point a steam can erode to.
Lowering base level causes erosion.
Raising base level causes deposition

Question 9

What is a streams load?

Answer 9

Transported material (sediment) in steam. 
Three types of load:
- dissolved load
- suspended load
- bed load

Question 10

Capacity

Answer 10

The maximum load of solid particles a stream Can transport per unit of time. The greater the discharge, the greater the steams capacity for hauling sediment.

Question 11

Competence

Answer 11

A measure if a streams ability to transport particles based on size rather than quantity. Increases proportionally to the square of its velocity.

Question 12

When does deposition if a steam occur?

Answer 12

When velocity is decreased. Competence is reduced. Sediments begin to drop and be come new layers of the stream.

Question 13

Alluvium

Answer 13

Stream sediments

Question 14

Channel deposits

Answer 14

Bars, braided streams, deltas

Question 15

Floodplain deposits

Answer 15

- natural levees
•form parallel to the stream channel
• built by successive floods over many years 
- back swamps
- yazoo tributaries

Question 16

Alluvial fans

Answer 16

• develop where a high- gradient stream leaves a narrow valley
• slopes outward in a broad arc

Question 17

What are deltas?

Answer 17

• forms when a steam enters an ocean or lake
• consists if three types of beds
  •Forest beds • topset beds •bottom set beds

Question 18

Stream valleys

Answer 18

• The most common landforms on earths surface.
• There are two general types of stream valleys
-narrow valleys
- wide valleys
• Stream energy is directed from side to side forming a flood plain

Question 19

Narrow valleys

Answer 19

• V-shaped
• down cutting toward base level
• features often include rapids and or waterfalls

Question 20

Wide valleys

Answer 20

• stream is near base level

- downward erosion is less dominant

Question 21

Flood plains

Answer 21

There are two different types

• erosional flood plains
• depositional flood plains

Question 22

Meanders

Answer 22

• cut bank
• cut off
• oxbow lakes
• meander scar

Question 23

Incised meanders

Answer 23

Meanders in steep, narrow valleys

- caused by drop in base level or uplift of land

Question 24

Terraces

Answer 24

- Remnants of a former floodplain | - river has adjusted to a relative drop in base level by down cutting

Question 25

Drainage basin

Answer 25

Land area that contributes water to a river system.

Question 26

Drainage patterns

Answer 26

Pattern of the interconnected network of streams - common drainage patterns 1. Dendritic 2. Radial 3. Rectangular 4. Trellis

Question 27

Floods

Answer 27

- The most common and most destructive geologic hazard | - result from natural-occurring and human- induced factors

Question 28

Types of flood

Answer 28

- regional floods - flash floods - ice jam floods - dam failure

Question 29

Flood control

Answer 29

- engineering efforts 1. Artificial levees 2. Flood control dams 3. Channelization - non structural approach through sound floodplain management

Question 30

Ground water

Answer 30

- water found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow joints and fractures in bedrock - largest reservoir if fresh water that is readily available to humans - dissolving. Groundwater produces sinkholes and caverns

Question 31

Mass Wasting

Answer 31

The downslope movement of rock and soil under the direct influence of gravity. Does not require transporting medium such as water, wind and glacial ice.

Question 32

Trigger

Answer 32

It is the last of many causes of mass wasting. Common factors are water, overstep slopes, removal of anchoring vegetation and ground vibrations from earth quakes

Question 33

What are the three parts to a river system?

Answer 33

Sediment production zone (where erosion dominates) Sediment transport zone Sediment deposition zone

Question 34

Laminar flow

Answer 34

Slow moving streams

Question 35

Turbulent flow

Answer 35

Water moves roughly straight line paths that parallel the stream channel. Stream flow is usually this.

Question 36

Gradient

Answer 36

The slope of a steam channel expressed as the vertical drop of a steam over a specified distance. The steeper the gradient, the more energy available for stream flow.

Question 37

Discharge

Answer 37

The measure most often used to compare the sizes if steams. Measured in cubic meters per second

Question 38

Head or headwaters

Answer 38

Source area of where the stream begins

Question 39

Mouth

Answer 39

The point downstream where the river empties into another water body - a river, a lake or an ocean

Question 40

Change in slope is accompanied by

Answer 40

An increase in discharge and channel size and reduction in sediment particle size.

Question 41

Stream erosion

Answer 41

Raindrops help knock off sediment particles loose. Rainwater begins to flow downslope, transporting some of the material it has dislodged. With great water flow loose bigger particles can be carried away.

Question 42

Divide

Answer 42

A boundary, usually a hill it mountain, there water will flow in opposite directions on either side

Question 43

Watershed another name for drainage basin

Answer 43

An area which all water falling in it flows out through one location

Question 44

Tributary

Answer 44

A river that Feeds into another river

Question 45

Truck steam

Answer 45

The primary river flowing out of a drainage basin

Question 46

Meandering streams

Answer 46

Erosion happens on the outside if the bank and it also has high velocity there, making the cut bank. Opposite side has the point bar where deposition takes place, making a flood plain.

Question 47

Which processes result in the widening of floodplain of a meandering stream?

Answer 47

Undercutting and lateral erosion

Question 48

What is an oxbow lake?

Answer 48

Has been cuff off the original steam channel

Question 49

How are oxbow lakes formed

Answer 49

When I've meander erodes into another, cutting off water to part if the stream channel

Question 50

Vadose zone

Answer 50

Consists of material whose pores are filled with water and air. Upper ground water zine

Question 51

Saturated zone

Answer 51

The lower ground water zone. Consists I material whose pores are saturated with water

Question 52

Unsaturated zone

Answer 52

An area above the water table where rocks and soil are not completely filled with water. Depth if this zone depends on climate, depth of soil and type of vegetation. Plant roots draw water

Question 53

The water table

Answer 53

Is boundary between the unsaturated zone above and the saturated zone below, where rocks are entirely saturated with water.

Question 54

Natural levees

Answer 54

Parallel their channels on both banks. Built by successive floods over many years. Pg 98 When the steam over flows sediment is placed in the bank and the bank is taller.