SCI Etiology
- Trauma (MVA, diving, contact sports, violent trauma)
- Non-traumatic injuries: infection, radiation, neoplasm
SCI Lesions - Complete vs Incomplete
Complete: Full lesion of spinal cord: total motor/sensory loss below lesion
Incomplete: Partial lesion: parial loss of sensory/motor function below lesion
SCI - 3 types of Incomplete spinal cord injuries
- Central Cord Syndrome
- Brown-Sequard Syndrome
- Anterior Cord Syndrome
SCI - Central Cord Syndrome Cause and S&S
Cause: Hyperextension or arthritic changes to c-spine
S&S: Upper limbs: motor and sensory affected, mm weakness, flaccidity
Lower limbs: less affected
Bowel and bladder: normal or partially affected
SCI - Brown-Sequard Syndrome Cause and S&S
Cause: Stab/gunshot wound
S&S:
1. Ipsilateral impariment: Motor function, proprioception, sensation (vibration, 2 point discrimination) NORMAL : pain and temperature perception
- Contralateral Impairment: Loss of pain and temperature perception. NORMAL: motor function
SCI - Anterior Cord Syndrome cause and S&S
Cause: Damage to anterior spinal cord
S&S: Bilateral loss of motor function, perception (pain, temperature, crude touch)
Huntington’s Disease info/etiology
Inherited, neurodegenerative disease characterized by choreiform and progressive dementia
etiology: Mutation in gene for the huntingin protein
Huntingtons disease S&S
Physical: weight loss, involuntary movements, diminished coordination, difficulty walking, talking, swallowing - impacts ADLs, communication, independence
Cognitive: Difficulty focusing, planning, recall,
Emotional: depression, apathy, irritable
Stroke/Hemiplegia etiology
Stroke: Blood flow blocked to the brain or sudden bleeding in brain
Hemiplegia: Non-progressive condition of paralysis on one side of the body
Stroke/Hemiplegia S&S
Flaccidity on affected side,
Spasticity
Hemipeligeic gait
Disuse atrophy
Parkinson’s info/etiology
- Progressive, neurodegenerative disorder
- Slow movements, tremor, rigidity,
Etiology: Cause is unknown, destruction of substantia nigra
Parkinson’s S&S
- Bradykinesia - impairment of voluntary motor control, slowness, freezing. During walking, standing, sitting down. Freezing episodes if startled
- Shuffling gait
- Tremors
- Rigidity
- Poor balance
MS info/etiology
- Demyelination of nerve causing scar tissue formation. Disruption of nerve signals
- Etiology: Genetics, environment, viral, immunological
S&S of MS
- Fatigue
- Spasticity
- Weakness
- Impaired proprioception
- circumducted gait
- Vertigo
- Parasthesia
Cerebral Palsy info/etiology
Non-progessive disorder caused by brain damage to immature brain
Etiology: Usually due to hypoxia which may occur at birth
4 types of cerebral palsy
- Spastic m/c
- Atheoid
- Ataxic
- Mixed
Spastic Cerebral Palsy S&S
Increased Tone
Atheoid CP S&S
Uncontrolled movement, slow, writhing, increase with intention, stops with sleep
Ataxic CP S&S
Poor coordination, least common
Mixed CP S&S
Usually spastic and atheoid
Increased tone with uncontrolled movement, slow and writhing
CP symptoms
- Spasticity m/c
- Atheoid movements - slow
- Choreiform - quick, uncontrolled movements without purpose
- Ataxia - lack of coordination and clumsiness in movements
- Flaccidity
- Pain - and perception of pain
- Reflex movements
- Contracture formation
- Scissor gait
ALS info and etiology
Progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Gradual degeneration and scarring of lateral aspect of spinal cord, brainstem and cerebral cortex
Unknown cause - no cure
