1
Q
What are chewing lice
A
thier head is braod, have mandibulate mouthparts and are associated w birds and some mammals. Feed on hair and skin, but not blood.
2
Q
barklice
A
have 4 wings, feed on algae, lichen, fungi, and OM. Have smaller head than booklice and are related to true lice
3
Q
phthiraptera
A
true lice! Are parasitic, they are flightless, small, flattenned, have long claws and have either sucking or mandibulate mouthparts. Spend all developmental stages on host. Are host specific and inlcude chewing and sucking lice.
4
Q
booklice
A
wingless, found in homes, like moist conditions, feed on mold!
5
Q
What are zoraptera
A
similar to termites, also called angel insects. They live in cellulose rich environment. Feed on fungus. They have apterous form (w/out wings and eyeless) and alate form (w wings, pigmented, and compound eyes, they can disperse to new nesting sites.)
6
Q
what are embioptera
A
web spinners. Most are tropical and subtropical. Can easily run backwards. they can fold wings above head and form silk as their nest from their specialized setae. They also have parental care of nymphs.
7
Q
what differentiates stonefly nymphs and mayfly nymphs?
A
mayfly nymphs have an extra rod from their behind! (so looks like 3 in total cerci)
8
Q
What are Plecoptera
A
Stoneflies, most are found near the water as the nymph is aquatic. often w dull coloration, they have long cerci and some species are active during winter. They attract mates through abdominal drumming. Nymphs have long antennae and cerci and live in very clean oxygenated water as they have gills. They take 1-3 yrs to develop.
9
Q
What are Dermaptera
A
Earwigs. Which have straight antennae in females and nymphs, and long filiform in males. Their hind wings are hidden beneath forewings. European earwig is most common. Male and female overwinter in the same nest and they have parental care. Male is eventually evicted. By midsummer the female dies.
10
Q
What is longest insect in the world
A
walkingstick!
11
Q
what is superorder that groups together mantodea, blattodea, and isoptera?
A
Dictyoptera! They all have a similar proventriculus
12
Q
who digests cellulose?
A
Some cockraoches and termites (blattodea and isoptera)
13
Q
what is an ootheca?
A
a covering over eggs, they can overwinter on twigs and so forth and nymphs hatch in spring.
14
Q
How many species of mantids in canada
A
only 3! European, Chinese, and Ground
15
Q
what is most common species of mantodea in Canada?
A
The European mantis (Mantis religiosa)
16
Q
what insects have an ootheca?
A
cockroaches and mantids
17
Q
state some blattodea facts!
A
Cockroaches: mainly nocturnal, are omnivorous, have their eggs in ootheca and sometimes ovoviviparous
18
Q
What cockroaches are native to N.A Canada?
A
- Hooded cockraoch (wingless, live in and eat wood and have proctodeal traphalaxis)
- Wood cockraoch (feed on dead insects and vegetation)
19
Q
what are some invasive cockroaches and are common2?
A
German cockroach (wingless), Oriental, and American
20
Q
What is the only eusocial insect? (highly organized social circle)
A
Termites! (Isoptera)
21
Q
what do Nasute termite soldiers have?
A
Have a poisonous sting on their head against enemies
22
Q
What is the most fecund insect in the world
A
termites!!
23
Q
what are the most common earwigs (Dermaptera)
A
The european earwig
24
Q
Do dermaptera male and female overwinter in same nest
A
yes! and then male gets kicked out
25
are stonefly nymphs aquatic and do they have gills
yes to both. Their gills are in forms of tuffs on the thorax and sometimes abdomen
26
how do stoneflies attract each other (Plecoptera)
they have abdominal drumming that varies between species.
27
what are embioptera??
Web spinners!
28
where do Embioptera reside
in the tropics and subtropics, a few in the USA, they make silken tunnels on litter floor.
29
list the parts of the body of Embioptera
Web spinners have
- hind femora are enlarged to be able to move backwards
- Forelegs are enlarged (only the FIRST tarsomere) and spew out silk (on males females and nymphs). The silk comes out of a specialized setae.
30
are Embioptera males winged? what about females
males are winged while females are not. The wings can fold over head.
31
What do embioptera feed on
OM, lichen, moss, bark
32
do embioptera (web spinners) females show parental care
Yes!!
33
do Zorapterans feed on wood?
No! But they do live in cellulose rich envrs. Instead, they feed on fungus and arthropods.
34
What are zorapterans
also called angel insects, they look like termites! They are mainly tropical, with one species in the US.
35
What two forms do zorapterans take up
Apterous = wingless, unpigmented, and eyeless (THIS FORM DOMINATES). eyes and wings appear later
Alate = winged, pigmented, and cmpd eyes
36
what are psocoptera in short
lice and psocids that are NOT parasitic.
37
what is barklice?
part of psocoptera, has 4 wings, feed on algae, lichen, fungi, OM. It has a smaller head than book lice
38
what is booklice
wingless! likes moist places like homes, they feed on mold!
39
are barklice and booklice related to true lice
yesssss
40
what is phthiraptera
true lice! These are PARASITIC. They are small and wingless with reduced/absent cmpd eyes. They have haustillate or mandibulate mouthparts... So this is chewing and sucking lice....
41
what are chewing lice
They have a big broad head, are associated w birds, they do NOT feed on blood. This is the BIGGEST group
42
what are sucking lice
smaller head, are assocaiated w ONLY mammals, these feed on blood! There is body lice, head lice, and pubic lice in this grp
43
okay then, what is body lice???
responsible for the typhus epidemic and associated w unsanitary crowded places
44
ummmm what is head lice
live on the skull of humans only, are NOT disease vectors, and not associated w poor hygeine. they cannot walk without head, hairs.
45
what are head lice eggs called
they are called nits and they are attached to hairs by strong glue.
46
what is public lice....
also called crabs.... they look like mini crabs with a small head and big pincers. Transmitted thru sex.
47
what does the hemiptera order include
three main groups.... (1) heteroptera = true bugs (2) sternorrhyncha and (3) Auchennorrhyncha = the homopterans
48
what helps hemiptera insects get past pesticides
their sucking mouthparts...
49
what do all hemipterans have in common
sucking mouthparts as a long proboscis (or rostrum). They all feed on liquid (except 1). Most are phytophagous...
50
What order is the largest order in all hemimetabolous?
hemipterans
51
what is the biggest insect order PERIOD (and holometabolous)
coleopterans
52
what do all heteroptera (true bugs) have in common...
have hemelytra wings (basal part is leathery, apical part is membranous), they have a prognathous head
53
How do true bugs (heteroptera) defend themselves
- scent glands on metathorax as a repellent or alarm
- biting
- mimicry
- aggregation
54
What is largest family of true bugs
Miridae (plant bugs)
55
what are plant bugs
Miridae Are terrestrial and phytophagous True bugs. Under heteroptera, hemiptera. Their hemelytra is made of a cuneus. This family includes general pests like the tarnished plant bug (responsible for catfacing of 300 plants).
56
what are seed bugs
Lygaeidae Are terrestrial and phytophagous True bugs. Under heteroptera, hemiptera. Includes milkweed bugs. They have bright red and black coloration to show toxicity, warning predators. There are small and large milkweed bugs.
57
What are scentless plant bugs
Rhopalidae Are terrestrial and phytophagous True bugs. Under heteroptera, hemiptera. They have no scent glands in matathorax. they DOOOO however produce VOCs from abdominal glands. NEW ARRIVAL TO QC but native to NA and overwinter in buildings. These are like boxelder bugs.
58
how to differentiate Lygaeidae and Rhopalidae>>
Lygaeidae have 4-5 wings veins while Rhopalidae have mannnyyyy veins.
59
what are chinch bugs
blissidae Are terrestrial and phytophagous True bugs. Under heteroptera, hemiptera. big lawn pest. Common in Canada as hary chinch bugs. Laws affected turn yellow. Adults have black and white wings.
60
What are leaf-footed bugs
Coreidae Are terrestrial and phytophagous True bugs. Under heteroptera, hemiptera. Mostly in the tropics with good scent glands. Some of the largest heteroptera. Tibiae is sometimes enlarged and leaf like.
61
What is a common Coreidae in Canada
the squash bug
62
what Coreidae is native to western US but invasive to N.A
the western conifer seed bug. It feeds on conifers and overwinter.
63
what are stink bugs
Pentatomidae Are terrestrial and phytophagous and predaceous True bugs. Under heteroptera, hemiptera. They have enlarged pronotum. They also have 5-segmented antennae. Most common leaves a bad odor and bad taste on leaves. Eggs are barrel-shaped, and some eggs have spikes. sometimes responsible for catfacing
64
what characteristic differentiates predaceous and phytophagous pentatomidae
In predaceous stink bugs, the first segment of their proboscis is shorter and slightly more enlarged.
65
what are assassin bugs
Reduviidae Are terrestrial and predaceous and blood feeder True bugs. Under heteroptera, hemiptera. eggs are in batches and are glued onto a plant, some males guard these eggs. The rostrum is fat and fits in a groove on the prosternum. The SCRAPING of their rostrum and prosternum causes stridulation for mate attraction.
66
What is the most common Reduviidae (assassin bug)
The masked hunter!! it is often in houses. Their eggs are laid in the dust. Nymphs cover themselves in dust particles by secretion of sticky substance from their glands connected to hairs.
67
what do some females of some species of reduviidae do concerning resin?
Some females collect resin on the underside of their belly for various reasons: For egg coating (protection vs dessication and predation) and legg coating (to attract prey and for help grasping prey).
68
What specific specie of an insect family carry dead insects on their back
Reduviidae!!! Assassin bugs
69
What are ambush bugs??
They are a subfamily of Reduviidae and they have big femora and cryptic coloration (to blend in)!
70
what are the blood feeder types of reduviidae??
They are sometimes called kissing bugs. they bite during the night. some species act as vectors of disease!
71
What is Chagas disease
a disease (trypanosome) that is in the feces of blood feeder Reduviiidae and when it is scrathced into a wound or in contact w salive or eyes, it can cause infection in many animals (including humans). Common in south and central america.
72
what are bed bugs?
(cimicidae) Are terrestrial and blood-feeders true bugs? Under heteroptera, hemiptera. They are small and flattenned and most feed only on mammals and birds (not including humans). One North American species feeds on humans. They are nocturnal and have haemacilic insemination. Can be traveled easily and are not vectors of disease.
73
What are some semi aquatic true bugs and predaceous?
Water striders! (Gerridae). The mid and hind legs are used for natatorial locomotion. their forelegs catch and eat insects. They have hidrophobic feet. They also have incredible jumping power! Males also guard females on top of her body after mating.
74
can water striders walk on land
NO
75
How do water striders stay above water
They have hydrophobic hairs that allow them to float. The hairs trap air, forming air bubbles between leg and water. The entire body has these hairs!
76
What water strider genus is found in the ocean?? (only 5 species)
The ocean skaters!! Halobates! They are wingless and lay their eggs on algae and any other floating objects.
77
How do water striders detect prey and mates?
They use water ripples to guide them by using chrodotonal sensilla!
78
How do aquatic true bugs get oxygen? (simple)
They live in freshwater and breathe through siphon (tube) or by trapping oxygen on their hydrofuge hairs.
79
Do aquatic true bugs have forelegs
NO
80
What kind of legs do aquatic true bugs have
they have fringed or oar like legs
81
What does aquatic true bugs' resp. system look like?
If they have a syphon, it is then a MODIFIED open tracheal system w only one functional spiracle. If they breathe by trapping air bubbles by hydrophobic hairs, then the oxygen is in direct contact w spiracles (physical gills) and it is an OPEN tracheal system (no modified). These gills may be permanent or temp. and if temperary they have to be repleneshed ---> LIKE WHALES
82
What are Giant water bugs?
Belosmatidae are true bugs that are aquatic and predaceous in the heteroptera of hemiptera. They are the largest bug in the ENTIRE order. They feed on small insects and fish
83
what is a permanent gill in aquatic true bugs called??
A plastron (O2 is taken from H2O)
84
What kind of forelegs do giant water bugs (Belosmatidae) have??
Raptoriaaal
85
What genus of Belosmatidae have parental care
Lethocerus (as the male stays w the eggs for protection)
86
Do Belosmatidae (giant water bugs) have thoracic scent glands?
Yes! IT makes them taste good even.
87
What genus of Belosmatidae lays eggs on the back of the male? and the male can carry 3x his weight?
the genus Belostoma! The male also has mutliple mating.
88
What are water scorpions?
Nepidae are true bugs that are aquatic and predaceous in the heteroptera of hemiptera. They have 2 different forms, like walking sticks!
89
How do Nepidae catch their prey?
They are sedentary, wait for their prey! Their forelegs are also raptorial and they have long resp. siphon.
90
What are backswimmers?
Notonectidae are true bugs that are aquatic and predaceous in the heteroptera of hemiptera. They swim upside down!! They have loooooong hydrofuge hairs to breathe.
91
What kind of gills do backswimmers (Notonectidae) have?? (temp or perm)
Temporary!! (meaning they must resubmerge to get air! Like a whale...)
92
What is an aquatic detritus feeder in the true bug family of Hemiptera?
The water boatmen (Corixidae) have detritus forelegs and have temporary physical gills. They have a broad and short rostrum.
93
What do most "homopterans" have in common
4 wings, and are all plant feeders. Many produce honeydew.
94
what characteristics do most sternorrhyncha have?
they have VERY opisthognathous, and have pretty sedintary lifestyles and live un groups.
95
what are aphids?
aphididae are sternorrhyncha bugs that are phytophagous in hemiptera. They feed on plant sap.
96
what are cornicles in aphididae
tube like structure on posterior side of insect that ejects sticky substance or alarm pheremone (for protection)
97
how is honeydew in aphids created
by eating sugary plant sap from their host and ejection from their anus.
98
What do ants do with aphids
ants love honeydew, so they protect the aphids against ladybugs and others in exchange for this honeydew!!! By stroking the aphids with their antennae, ants recieve the honeydew. (mutualism)
99
what disease are aphididae vectors/attractants of?
various, including sooty mold attraction from their honeydew
100
what are scale insects??
Coccoidea are sternorrhyncha bugs that are phytophagous in hemiptera.
101
how do coccoidea protect themselves
scale insects cover themselves with waxy covering from their epidermal glands.
102
what is the dispersal stage of coccoidea?
name for when the first instar of scale insects have legs, are active, and are also called crawlers!!
103
do males or females of coccoidea have an extra pupa-like-instar and eventually develop wings?
MALES!!
104
what does sexual dimorphism in coccoidea look like>>
scale insect adult females have no wings, no antennae, no eyes, no legs. Adult males have one pair of wings, long antennae, have eyes, but no mouths. The males are rarely seen...
105
what is a suborder of Coccoidea (scale insects)>?
mealy bugs (Pseudococcidae) have similar life and have a more white powdery wax layer. Females also have legs however, unlike others.
106
where does red dye come from??
from Coccinoidea insects!! this is from when coccineal insects produce carminic acid as a predator deterrent.
107
What is a common relation in most Auchenorrhyncha insects??
THey have large pronotum and are opisthagnous. Many jump and fly to other plants
108
What are cicadas??
Cicadidae are hemiptera in the suborder Auchenorryhncha! They feed on plant sap. The females insert eggs into trees! The young hatch then burrow underground!!
109
What kind of legs do cicadidae have??
fassorial
110
who and how do cicadidae make sounds??
the MALES produce sound by their tymbals on their side as rapid vibration!! They amplify this sound by their air sac as a resonance chamber!! This attracts females and is for defence. They also have tympana (for hearing).
111
What are the native cicadidae?
The periodical cicada!! They are smaller and the young emerge in BIG swarms. Only in eastern US w a 13-17 year life cycle. 17 years cicadas are more northern!
112
what are periodic cicadidae that emerge in the same life cycle called?
They are grouped in broods
113
What are annual cicadidae?
non-periodical, so no synchronization w others. They are larger and have black-green markings. They appear in July and August...
114
What are leafhoppers??
Cicadellidae are hemiptera in the suborder Auchenorryhncha! They are a rather large family and feed on plant sap. They leave white spots on leaves that can be vectors of plant disease...
115
What are treehoppers??
Membracidae are hemiptera in the suborder Auchenorryhncha! They have a large pronotum that covers the head and they also feed on plant sap. Some females have parental care by guarding eggs
116
what does the ovipositor of membracidae look like?
Treehoppers have saw-like ovipositor to lay eggs in twigs
117
What are froghoppers??
Cercopidae are hemiptera in the suborder Auchenorryhncha! they are like leafhoppers but sit in a frog like position. They are usually brown-grey. They too feed on plant sap.
118
what do nymphs of Cercopidae (froghoppers) cover themselves in? What are these nymphs also called?
a frothy white material! This mass protects against predation, dessication, and parasatism. It is produced form sap and gland secretion. The yellow-green nymphs are also called spittle bugs...
119
How do Cercopidae nymphs breathe under their frothy white mass??
By caudal appendages, producing air bubbles to breath!
120
What are thysanoptera??
An order of hemimetabolous insects including thrips!! They have sucking mouthparts and they feed on plant tissues. They are plant virus vectors.
121
do thysanoptera have hemi or holometabulous dev.?
hemi!
122
What are raphidioptera???
An order encompassing Snakeflies! They are a small order and feed on other insects. They lay eggs in bark! They have an elongated head
123
what are Megaloptera?
an order that encompasses dobsonflies, fishflies, and alderflies.
124
How big is the eastern dobsonfly?
7 cm, and 12cm w mandibles and wings.
125
Which have longer mandibles, male or female dobsonflies?
Males have longer mandibles!!
126
What are dobsonflies and fishflies?
They are Corydalidae! Part of the Megaloptera order.
127
What are the long mandibles of dobsonflies used for?
for sexual competition, and in courtship (placed on top of the female's wings).
128
what is the main difference between fishflies and dobsonflies?
fishflies are smaller and have different antennaes and have black wings
129
what is the larval stage of Corydalidae? (dobs/fishflies)
larvae are aquatic, under stones and they are predaceous on other water animals. They have tuffs of gills to breathe water. The larvae then come out of water to pupate in soil.
130
What are neuroptera
an order encompassing lacewings, mantispids, and antlions!
131
how many membranous wings do neuroptera have?
4 with veins!
132
what are neuroptera (lacewings etc...) mouthparts known as
sucking jaws (for pierce-sucking)
133
What are lacewings
Chrysopidae! Under the order Neuroptera. Adults are nocturnal
134
is neuroptera larvae terrestrial or aquatic?
lacewing larvae are terrestrial!
135
What do (lacewings) feed on
soft bodied insects, like aphids. Some feed on nectar
136
What are lacewings sometimes called
aphidlions
137
how do lacewings (chrysopidae) lay their eggs??
they lay eggs on tiny sliken stalk and let hang as protection against predators. Like a hanging white ball off of a leaf or branch.
138
what are mantispids
mantispidae are under the order neuroptera. They look like small mantids with clear wings and are more common in the tropics.
139
What do many mantispidae mimic?
wasps!
140
what do larvae of mantispidae prey on
spider eggs!
141
what are antlions
myrmeleontidae part of the order neoptera. They look like small damselflies but with clobbed antennae.
142
How do some antlions feed.
They dig a hole in sand and wait for ants to drop in.
143
What are mecoptera
an order with scoprionflies and hangingflies. They have an elongated face (like a beek), have 4 membr. wings
144
what are scorpionflies
in the order mecoptera, the larvae and afult feed on dead insects.
145
do scorpionflies have nuptial gift tendencies
YESSSS
146
what are snow scorpionflies (Not name just brief descrip.)
small dark, and wingless that feed on moss and occur on mild snow.
147
what are hangingflies
the forelegs legs are adapted for hanging. hindlegs for grabbing prey
148
do hangingflies have nuptial gift tendencies
YESSSS
149
What are strepsiptera
twisted wing parasites order!! Reside inside other insects.
150
What kind of sexual dimorphism is in strepsiptera (twisted wing para.)?
females = maggotlike and haev no wings, mouth, eyes, antennae, or legs. Head and thorax are together to form cephalothorax... whole life inside host except first instar.
males = have wings, eyes, antler-like antennae!
151
what is the lifecycle of a twisted wing parasite
(1) Female on host is viviparous. Larvae escape thru her body.
(2) first larvae have legs and leave host to attach to new host
(3) Once found, the larva loses its legs
152
what are strepsiptera larvae sometimes called
traingulin
153
how do strepsiptera feed on their host
they feed on the haemolymph of the host through its cuticle.
154
How do Strepsiptera larvae pupate and attract mates.
by pushing a small pupate through a sclerotized region. A male will then leave and a female will stay. The female then leaves her backside protruding and sends out sex pheremones for attraction!
155
Do strepsiptera have haemocilic insemination
YESS
156
What are siphoneptera
order encompassing fleas!!
157
what do flea LARVAE feed on
siphonoptera feed on feces and organic matter.
158
What body parts do fleas (siphonoptera) have>>
they are small (2-7mm) and wingless, flattened, with long jumping legs and piercing sucking mouthparts.
159
what do fleas g
160
What do flea adults feed on
Blood!! Mammal and bird
161
What are most common parasites of cats and dogs. What do they transmit. After infection, what must be treated??
cat fleas and they transmit tapeworm. The host and the environment MUST be treated.
162
what amounts of fleas are parasites of rodents.
3/4 of all fleas species!
163
what insect transmitted the bubonic (black) plague? How many people were killed in west EU
fleas! (rat fleas) Killing 25% of west EU in 1300s
164
How does the bubonic plague get transmitted (depth)
The bacteria block the gut of the flea completely as they multiply. fleas transmit these bacteria by throwing up essentially back into human wounds. Symptoms in humans are varying including enlarged lymph nodes.
165
What is Coleoptera??
The LARGEST insect order (40% of all insects). These are all beetles!
166
what are the forewings of beetles called
Elytra. Hind wings are longer than forewings.
167
Are larvae of coleoptera legless
NO! Only a few (weevil larvae). Most have 3 pairs of legs.
168
Do all Coleoptera have chewing mouthparts>?
yes, mostly
169
what are predaceous diving beetles
predaceous and aquatic coleoptera called Dytiscidae! they live in ponds and streams.
170
How do adult Dytiscidae (pred. diving beetles) breathe??
They have temp. physical gills
171
what do male Dytiscidae sometimes have to help w mating
front tarsi w suction pads to grip onto female elytra.
172
are both adult and larvae of Dytiscidae predaceous??
YES
173
what are Dytiscidae larvae sometimes called
water tigers!! They have sucking jaws
174
How does the larvae of Dytiscidae breathe
most have a posterior spiracle and go to the surface to replenish!
175
what are Whirligig beetles
predaceous and aquatic coleoptera called Gyrinidae! THey are at surface or under water. They live in groups and float around. They feed on insects that fall into water. Adults produce strong smell from their abdominal glands.
176
How do whirligig afult beetles (Gyrinidae) breathe
they have temp. physical gills
177
where do whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae) live??
at the bottom of ponds or streams and have sucking jaws as well.
178
how do Gyrinidae larvae breathe??
They have abdominal gill filaments.
179
What are ground beetles??
predaceous and terrestrial coleoptera called Carabidae! Most are nocturnal and are quick runners
180
what are caterpillar hunters!!
They are large, in the Carabidae of Coleoptera order, feed on caterpillars, and are arboreal!
181
what defense mechanisms do bombardier beetles have (Carabidae)??
can spray chemical substance from anus to burn and irritate others!! can be up to 100C in temp!
182
what are tiger beetles
part of the Carabidae of coleoptera as well! they are green- or blue-metallic!! they have long mandible and big eyes. They are also quite quick
183
where can you often find tiger beetles
in sunny, sandy areas!
184
what do larvae and adult tiger beetles feed on
smaller insects
185
where do larvae tiger beetles live??
in burrows in the sand, waiting with their mandibles to catch a passergoing insect.
186
What are fireflies and lightningbugs
predaceous and terrestrial Coleoptera called Lampyridae.
187
Do both male and female Lampyridae produce light
YES (usually)
188
what is light used for in Lampyridae
to attract mates!
189
what parts of the body of lampyridae produce light??
the 2nd and 3rd abdominal sterna!
190
HOW is light produced in lampyridae??
by oxidation of luciferin, which is produced in light producing organ at the tip of the abdomen.
191
what are females and larvae of lampyridae sometimes called??
glow worms....
192
Do adult lampyridae feed??
no
193
what are ladybugs and ladybeetles??
predaceous and terrestrial coleoptera called coccinellidae! They are often bright and their head is covered under pronotum.
194
why do coccinellidae have such vibrant colours?
to indicate bad taste!
195
what contributes to the defense of coccinellidae>>
Smooth and shiny elytra, can retract legs and antennae, Have yellow haemolymph that they can excrete from their legs which has bad taste and odor.
196
What do ladybugs feed on
mealybugs, aphids, and scale insects.
197
what is a species of coccinellidea that is not predaceous
The mexican bean beetle!!! Garden pest in NA feeding on the family Fabaceae (plants)!
198
when do coccinellidae overwinter
in the adult stage in aggregations
199
what species of ladybugs overwinters the most?
The asian ladybeetle (Harmonia axyridis)
200
when did asian lady beetles invade Canada
1994
201
What is easiest way to identify asian lady beetles
The black M on their pronotum
202
why are asian lady beetles bad??
- are in active competition against other native beetles
- aggregate in huge numbners in houses and can be a nuisance to humans.
203
what are weevils
they are phytophagous terrestrial Circulionidae of Coleoptera. They have a hard elytra. Many are host specific.
204
describe what larvae of ciculionidae (weevils) look like
legless, develop in concealed safe places or underground!
205
what are some common curculionidae
the Boll weevil (cotton), the strawberry root weevil (strawberry), rice weevil (grains)
206
what do weevils in Circulio genus feed on
inside acorn or nuts of different trees.
207
how do circulio genus weevils reproduce
the female lays her egg in an corn, 1/1 ratio, and then seals the hollow acorn off w pellets of droppings. the larvae then feed on the acorn.
208
What are longhorned beetles
Cerambycidae are all phytophagous terrestrial Coleoptera.
209
what do cerambycidae (longhorned beetles) feed on
flowers, pollen, leaves and bark.
210
where do most cerambycidae bore and pupate
in wood! mostly decaying/dead wood and play a vital role in decomposition.
211
Why are asian longhorned beetles dangerous
They bore into important hardwood trees (and especially ALIVE hardwood trees)
212
what are metallic wood boring beetles
Buprestidae are terrestrial phytophagous Coleoptera! They are usually green or blue! They eat pollen and foliage. The larvae bore into wood
213
what are Buprestidae often used for
Elytra are used in jewelry≥
214
What is the emerald ash borer
a newly introduced species of Buprestidae that attack healthy ash trees. Adults leave a characteristic D shaped exit hole
215
What are leaf beetles
Chrysomelidea are terrestrial phytophagous Coleoptera! Includes cucmber beetles and CO potato beetles.
216
how do Chrysomelidae feed
on leaves, often leaving veins intact
217
what are some Chrysomelidae called!
skeletonizing leaf beetles
218
What is the striped cucumber beetle
A chysomelidea in coleoptera that have larval stage on roots. they transmit virus Cucerbit wilt!
219
What is the lily leaf beetle (no latin name)
A chysomelidea in coleoptera from Europe, introduced in montreal in 1940 and the larvae cover themselves in feces. Adults overwinter in the soil.
220
what is the coloroda (CO) potato beetle
A chysomelidea in coleoptera originating from NA, feed on potato family, overwinter in soil
221
what are flea beetles
A chysomelidea in coleoptera that can jump, are big pest of veg. plants.
222
What are scarabs
scarabaeidae are terrestrial phytophagous coleoptera!
223
what do many male scarab beetles have
protruding horns to fight other males or used in courtship
224
What are some well known scarabaeidae beetles
june beetle, Japanese beetle, European chafer
225
How many host plants do japanese beetles have
over 300
226
How long do scarab larvae (white grubs) stay in the soil eating plant roots?
up to 3 yrs
227
what is used to control Scarabs nowadays as a pest control method
Nematodes!
228
what are some well known scarabaeidae beetles that are saprophagous (decomp. basically.)
dung beetles! they put their eggs in dung and larvae feed on it; The most common group are tumblebugs!! They are therefore a vital decomposer.
229
What are carrion beetles
Silphidae are terrestrial saprophagous coleoptera. They feed on dead bodies. Some species show parental care by regurgitation feeding.
230
what are Silphidae (carrion beetles) sometimes known as
burying beetles
231
What are sap beetles
Nitidulidae are terrestrial saprophagous coleoptera often found feeding on yeast, can be found on beer or wine therefore
232
What are sap beetles sometimes called
PICNIC BEETLES (IMPORTANT)
233
whar are Dermestid beetles
Dermestidae are terrestrial saprophagous coleoptera. They feed on fur, feathers, etc...
234
what are 2 common Dermestidea house pests
carpet and larder beetles. They damage dead insects in museums. They can also be used to clean skeletons in museums and such though!!
235
what are click beetles
Elateridae are terrestrial saprophagous coleoptera. They have a long body
236
what are Elateridea larvae called
wireworms
237
what kind of feeding behavior do Elateridae have?
phytophagous, predaceous, and omnivorous.
238
What is the biggest species of Elateridae
the Eyed click beetle, which is predacous. When adults fall on back they can get back up by "clicking" (which is the snapping of the prothorax and mesothorax interacting)
239
what are trichoptera
caddisflies!! They are moth like but have hairy wings. Larvae are aquatic.
240
Where do adult trichoptera live near
water!
241
what do Trichoptera utilize to make homes or catch food
silk from their salivary glands to make homes or nets to catch prey.
242
What are the trichoptera homes called
Cases!!
243
what are the 3 different trichoptera
net makers (detritus), free living (predaceous), and case builders (feed on plants and OM)
244
what are scales in Lepidoptera used for>?? (on their wings and body)
used in camouflage, mimicry, thermoregulation, pheremone dispersal.
245
How do Lepidoptera proboscic work
it rolls and extends, using aspiration AND capillary intake.
246
what do Lepidoptera feed on
nectar, sweat, decaying fruit, pee and feces.
247
What are caterpillars
larval stage of Lepidoptera.
248
how many legs do caterpillars have
3 pairs thoraccic, and up to 5 pairs prolegs.
249
how many prolegs do inchworms have
only 2 pairs!
250
How many stematta do most caterpillars have
6 laterall ocelli.
251
What are some caterpillar defences?
- poison filled spines/hairs
- Osmeterium, like horns (swallowtails)
- Scent gland
252
what are the silk glands in caterpillars used for
shelters, cocoon formation, Chysalis attachment, and ballooning (to float to new places using wind).
253
what is the pupa of a butterfly called
chrysallis attached by a chremaster
254
What are swallowtails
Papilionidae are lepidoptera (butterflies) that feed on plants.
255
which butterflies are largest in the world
The queen Alexandra butterfly in the Birdwings group in the swallowtails family (papilionidae)!!!!
256
what group are caterpillars that have an Osmeterium in??
swallowtails
257
what are black swallowtails larvae known as
parsley worms
258
What is the sexual dimorphism in the black swallowtail species
male = yellow
female = blue
259
What is the biggest butterfly in NA
giant swallowtail
260
what do caterpillars of giant swallowtail look like
immitate bird poop.
261
what are whites and sulphurs??
Pieridae are butterflies in Lepidoptera.
262
what is a Pieridae that was introduced from EU
The small cabbage white
263
what are blues, coppers, hairstreaks
Lycaenidae are Lepidoptera that have front legs reduced in males. The caterpillars are slug like
264
which Lycaenidae feeds on larval aphids??
the harvester
265
what are brush footed butterflies
Nymphalidae are Lepidoptera that are short and do not use their front legs
266
what are some nymphalidae butterflies
- white admiral: Qc insect emblem
- mourning cloak: rare, overwinter in tree holes, Adults emeerge in early spring.
- Monarch: feed on milkweed and migrate to Cali and Mexi, next gen. come back up North
- Viceroy: DO NOT have batesion mimicry (they dont mimic monarchs) because they are ALSO toxic.
267
what are skippers
Hesperiidae are Lepidoptera butterflies. They have a big head and erratic flight. they also pupate in a COCCOON. larval stage looks like a big head w a slim body.
268
what are the main characteristics of moths
mostly dull colors, antennae are NEVER clubbed, most are nocturnal and wings and held horizontally. pupae or often enclosed in soil or cocoon.
269
do moths have tympanum on abdomen/thorax
yes!!
270
what group of moths has tympana on either sie of thorax?
Noctuidae to detect bats!
271
where does silk come from
silkworm moth makes silk cocoons!! These silkworm moths are called Bombyx mori
272
do male or female recieve long distance pheremones? how big are their antennae
males!! They have larger antennae than female.
273
how does CLOSE RANGE pheremone dispersal happen in moths
by hair pencils
274
what are clearwing moths
Sesiidae are part of Lepidoptera. They are moths that can mimic wasps and live during the day.
275
What are giant silkworm moths
Saturniidae are large moths in Lepidoptera. Adults dont feed and die quick.
276
what is the largest moth in NA
the Cecropia moth of the Saturniidae family.
277
what are the two other common NA moths
polyphemus and luna
278
where does luna moth cocoon reside
among dead leaves!!
279
what are sphynx moths/hawk
sphingidae are moths of Lepidoptera that look like hummingbirds or bumblebees. Mostly are nocturnal.
280
what are sphingidae caterpillars known as
Hornworms
281
what does the death head hawk do to produce sound
expells air from proboscis!!
282
What are tent caterpillars
Lasolampidae of Lepidoptera are usually brown and they live in silken tents. the Eastern tent caterpillars do this! They leave their tent to go feed on rosaceae family. they leave scents and pheremones to track good spots to eat.
283
Do forest tent caterpillars construct tents
NO
284
what are noctuids/owlet moths
Noctuidae of Lepidoptera, often known to be cutworms that cut base of plants.
285
What can you do to protect plants against cutworms (Noctuidae)
put protective ring around plants.
286
What are erebid moths
Erebidae of Lepidoptera are moths that include spongy, underwing, and tiger moths.
287
what moth was introduced from EU to develop silk industry and is now big forest pest
the Spongy moth
288
what is sexual dimophism in spongy moth
female is white
male is brown
289
where do spongy moths put their eggs
in big masses on trunks or sheltered areas
290
do female spongy moths fly
NO
291
How do spongy moth larvae disperse form an area??
ballooning or artificial transportation.
292
how long are antennae of primitive flies compared to more recent ones
very looooonnnng
293
What is the order of ALLLLLL flies
Diptera
293
what are biting midges
Ceratopogonidae are part of the diptera order, they are blood feeders.
294
what are the larvae of flies called
maggots
295
what is some economic importance of Diptera
- vectors of disease like malaria and dengue
- some agricultural pests
- important pollinators and decomposers
- maggot therapy
296
do male or female Ceratopogonidae bite
females
297
what is the deadliest animal in the world
culicidae (mosquitoes)
297
what are mosquitoes
Culicidae of diptera!
297
When was the first case of West nile in NA
1999
298
When was the first case of West nile (WNV) in Canada
2002
299
what is the genus of mosquitoes responsible for WNV
genus culex
300
hwo do mosquito larvae live
in stagnant water and they feed on OM with filter feeding tactics with mouth brushes. Breathe w a siphon on posterior
301
what is common human disease transmitted by black flies
onchoceriasis (river blindness)
301
what are black flies
simuliidae are blood feeding diptera, look like biting midges but are bigger. Females feed on blood, males on nectar. also filter feeders as larvae
302
how do simuliidae larvae breathe
have small gill filaments along thorax
303
what are horse flies and deer flies
Tabanidae are blood feeding Diptera that are blood feeders. Have cutting sponging mouthparts as adults.
304
what are stable flies
Muscidae are blood feeding diptera with pierce sucking mouthparts and are important livestock pest
305
what are flower flies
Syrphidae are predator diptera that are yellow and look like bees, they are important pollinators.
306
what are robber flies
Asilidae are predator diptera that mimic bees
307
what do many larvae Syrhphidae (flower flies) prey on
aphids
308
what distinct wing vein do Syrphidae (flower flies) have
they have a spurious vein (looks incomplete).
309
How are asilidae unique.
they have facial hair called Mystax
310
what are 2 common NA species of Tephritidae
- larva of apple maggot leaves brown spots in apples.
- female of goldenrod gall fly
310
what are fruit flies
Tephritidae are phytophagous diptera that insert their eggs into fruit.
310
how do Asilidae feed
they insert proboscis into prey and paralyze with saliva.
311
how do goldenrod gall flies make galls in goldenrod
they insert eggs into stem produce tumor like gall in stem
312
what are leaf miner flies
agromyzidae are phytophagous diptera that leave the most common types of damages to leaves. (like little grey-black mines on leaves)
312
what are some larvae of chironomidae called/look like
red and called bloodworms. can tolerate low O2 in water.
312
what are non biting midges
chironomidae are saprophagous diptera that have aquatic larval stage and feed detritus on leaves.
313
what are small fruit flies
drosophilidae are saprophagous diptera and their larvae feed on yeast and bacteria in fruits
313
what is the only insect in antarctica
a wingless Chironomidae called the Antarctic midge
313
what are bot flies
Oestridae are parasitic diptera
314
what are blow flies
Calliphoridae are saprophagous diptera, of which many are blueish greenish metallic
315
are blowflies used in forensics
yes!!!
315
where do blow flies develop
in carrion and poop
315
what are blow flies vectors of
Dysentery
315
do hymenoptera have haplodiploidy sex determination
YES
316
What are the 2 suborders of hymenoptera
symphta and apocrita
317
what causes Myasis
bot flies!!
318
what are symphta suborder of hymenoptera
this includes solitary and phytophagous hymenoptera. They are more primitive and only have one stematta. larvae are like catterpillars.
319
What are apocrita suborder of hymenoptera
this is more advanced, narrow waisted, insects. They all have a petiole (narrow waist). All the larvae are maggotlike and legless.
320
what are common sawflies
tenthrenididae are part of hymenoptera. they are defoliators, are phytophagous, and pupate inside cocooon
320
what are horntails
family siricidae of hymenoptera and they have long ovipositor!
320
where do larvae of siricidae bore
in tree trunks
321
what do most horntail species attack
conifers!
321
what does common pigeon tremex attack>?? (a siricidae)
Maple trees
322
what are ichneumonids
parasitoid wasps in the ichneumonidae family. They lay their eggs in live insect hosts
322
what is largest parasitoid wasp and how long is its ovipositor
megarhyssa! its ovipositor is 12 cm in length
323
What host does Megarhyssa infect
horntail larvae (siricidae)
323
what is the most common solitary pred. wasp
thread waisted wasp family (Sphecidae)
324
what are different common sphecidae wasps
- the black and yellow mud dauber wasp: build mud nests and pray on spiders
- the blue mud dauber wasp: this species reuses mud nest from other wasps and infects spiders.
324
what are paper wasps, yellow jackets, hornets??
family vespidae of hymenoptera. They use wood+spit to form nests
325
do vespidae queens hibernate
YES
325
what does the queen do in Vespidae
in the fall, the fertile mated queen finds shelter to hibernate, and in the spring she builds her nest to produce offspring
325
what do males (drones) do in vespidae
- fertile male with no stinger only mate with the queen in fall and then dies in late fall
325
what do workers do in vespidae
sterile females that are small adn they do all the work in the colony!!
325
what do workers in vespidae feed on
small caterpillars
326
do vespidae have coiled or smooth stingers
smooth
326
what bees do not visit flowers for nectar??
kleptoparasitic bees!! they lay eggs in other bee nests and take their pollen (cambrioleur)
327
how to bees transport pollen
with hairs or crop
328
what is corbicula
pollen basket surroudned by hairs to get pollen!! in hymenoptera
329
what is the only species of honey bees in NA
apis mellifera (EU honey bee)
329
what is comb building in honey bees
building combs by workers secreting scales from wax glands.
329
what is scopa
a dense tuft of hairs
330
what are honey bees
apidae of hymenoptera
331
when was apis mellifera introduced in NA and how many in a colony
1622, 10-50,000 in a colony
332
How is honey made
foraging bees take nectar in their crop which is then transfered to house bees that incorporate enzyme to it and remove water by fanning wings. Honey is then enclosed in cells.
333
Why is honey made
as a food source for adults over winter.
333
what is the waggle dance
when a foraging bee finds a good site and sends signals to others by making a figure 8 dance
334
are honey bee worker stingers straight or barbed
barbed
335
what are bumble bees
Apidae in Hymenoptera, and they have annual communities
336
where do bumble bees build their nests
underground
336
how many ants compared to all animal biomass
make up 1/3 animal biomass
337
do bumble bees produce honey
technically ues, in small quant. and it looks kind of green.
338
what are formicidae
ants
339
bumble bees have smooth or barbed stinger
smooth but rarely sting
340
what kind of antennae do formicidae have
elbowed
341
what is ant mimcry called (when other insects try to mimic ants)
myrmecomorphy
341
what are some defence mechanisms of ants
- powerful mandibles
- secretion of formic acid from gland
- stinger w venom
342
what is feeding behavior of most ants
omnivorous.
342
what is stomodeal trophallaxis in ants
mouth to mouth feeding from an ant to another.
343
what do ant nests look like
are perennial and survive winter in their nests.
343
do ants have holo or hemi dev.
holometabolous
344
how are ants good and bad
- can build nests in houses or forage for human food
- can kill grass by forming mounds
- they can sting or bite ppl
- they help aerate the soil (better water infiltration)
- they help in decomposition
- they control insect pests
345
what are carpenter ants
invade houses and damage wood, but do not feed on wood, just to create their nests.
346
what are army ants
they walk in big swarms, are very agressive, may attack small animals in their path, they have sting and hook mandibles. They move constantly for food, do NOT have permanent nest. They form a bivouac each time, surrounding the queen to form a shelter.
347
where are ants more diverse
in the tropics
348
what are leaf-cutter ants
genus atta, they cut pieces of leaves and bring them back to nest. The protective wax is then removed from the leaf and fungus is allowed to grow which is then eaten by larvae and adults.
Insect Biology
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