- center of gravity is higher (T12) - until 18 months: wide stance + bowed legs (genu varum) - until 3 years: knock-knees (genu valgum) - age 6 : legs straighten, lumbar lordosis becomes more defined

FINAL POSTURE Flashcards by tatum klinger

bipedal posture advantages

free hands
elevated eyes

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disadvantages of bipedal posture:

increased strain on spine, pelvis, LE
reduced stability due to smaller base of support
greater cardiovascular effort to pump blood upward to brain
potential respiratory limitations due to changes in thoracic membrane

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what is posture

alignment of body segments at any given moment

influenced by:
- position of each joint
- how one joint position affects others

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line of gravity should fall:

slightly anterior to lateral malleolus
anterior to fibular head (knee line)
at or slightly posterior to the hip joint
through the midline of trunk
bisect the acromion
bisect the external auditory meatus

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poor posture increases

stress on joints
stress on soft tissues

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posture - infancy

spine fully flexed (concave forward)

primary curves:
- thoracic + sacral (remain kyphotic)

secondary curves:
- cervical (dev. when lifting head)
- lumbar (dev. when sitting/walking)

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posture - childhood

center of gravity is higher (T12)
until 18 months: wide stance + bowed legs (genu varum)
until 3 years: knock-knees (genu valgum)
age 6 : legs straighten, lumbar lordosis becomes more defined

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posture - adolescence

rapid growth during puberty can lead to poor posture
hormonal changes + skeletal growth affect alignment
males typically develop longer limbs + broader shoulders

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posture - older age

secondary curves diminish due to:
- disc degen.
- ligament calcification
- osteoporosis
- vertebral wedging

spine returns to a more flexed (kyphotic posture)

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postural (positional causes)

how a person holds their body during daily activities + usually correctable with awareness + exercise

poor habits
muscle imbalance
growth-related changes
muscle contracture
pain + compensation
other contributing factors

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upper crossed syndrome

tight lower back + chest muscles with weak upper back muscles

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lower crossed syndrome

tight lower back and hip flexors with weak abdominal and gluteal muscles

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muscle contracture

tight muscles like iliopsoas can exagg. spinal curves
(increased lordosis)

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patient position
- posture assessment

standing on a level surface
remove shoes
undergarments

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anterior/posterior view posture
- head/neck

straight, no tilt or rotation

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anterior/posterior view posture
- shoulders

equal height
(dominant may be slightly lower)

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anterior/posterior view posture
- arms

hang evenly with equal rotation

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anterior/posterior view posture
- clavicles and AC/SC joints

symmetrical

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anterior/posterior view posture
- scapulae

equal height, flat against thorax, equal distance from spine

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anterior/posterior view posture
- rib cage

symmetrical, no protusion/depression

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anterior/posterior view posture
- elbows

equal carrying angle (valgus)

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anterior/posterior view posture
- spine

straight, no lateral curves

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anterior/posterior view posture
- pelvis

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iliac crests, ASIS, PSIS, at equal height

anterior/posterior view posture
- hips

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greater trochanters equal height

anterior/posterior view posture - gluteal folds

equal height

anterior/posterior view posture - knees

patella straight ahead, equal height; no excessive varus or valgus

anterior/posterior view posture - legs

straight tibias

anterior/posterior view posture - feet

toes our 5-18 degrees, normal arch

anterior/posterior view posture - achillies tendon + heel

neutral alignment

anterior/posterior view posture - toes

natural alignment, no overlapping or excessive angulation

lateral view - head

over shoulders, ear lobe aligned with acromion

lateral view - shoulders

not rounded or forward

lateral view - elbows

equal flexion

lateral view - spine

normal curves - cervical : lordosis - thoracic : kyphosis - lumbar : lordosis

lateral view - hips + knees

neutral (0 degree flexion)

lateral view - tibias

no posterior bowing

lateral view - feet

normal arch

lordosis

- natural inward curve of spine - found in cervical + lumbar regions

swayback deformity

- posture where pelvis pushed forward and upper body leans backward - weak core muscles and tight hip flexors

sagging shoulders

- scapulae pulled forward (protracted) and arms rotate inward (medial rotation)

normal pelvic angle

30 degrees

kyphosis

- posterior (backward) curvature of spine - thoracic region

excessive rounding of upper back (kyphosis) can affect

- posture - breathing - spinal function

pathological kyphosis

- infectious or disease-related - structural damage - congential anomalies - neuromuscular causes - postural compensation

humpback (gibbus deformity)

sharp, angular curve due to vertebral collapse

dowagers hump

common in older adults due to: - osteoporosis - vertebral compression

round back features

- trunk appears flexed forward - lumbar curve is decreased

flatback characteristics

- pelvic inclination angle 30 deg. ; decreased to 20 deg. - posterior pelvic tilt - lumbar spine more mobile (lacks shock absorption + spinal balance)

dowagers hump characteristics

- primary cause : osteoporosis - thoracic vertebrae begin to degenerate + collapse - spine bends forward, kyphotic curve

types of scoliosis

- nonstructural (functional) - structural

nonstructural (functional) scoliosis

- not caused by bone deformities - usually temporary or reversible - spine is structurally normal

nonstructural (functional) scoliosis causes + features

causes: - poor posture - muscle spasms - nerve root irritation - inflammation - leg length discrepancy - muscle contractures key features: - curve disappears - side bending symmetrical - found in cervical, lumbar, thoracolumbar regions - not progressive

structural scoliosis

involved actual changes in bones of the spine and is permanent

structural scoliosis causes + key features

causes: - cogenital deformities - neuromusc. conditions - myopathic disorders - genetic/idopathic scoliosis - infections - trauma - inflammatory diseases key features: - curve does not disappear on forward flexion - side bending is asymmetrical - most commonly affects the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine - progressive in nature

torticollis

when scoliosis occurs in cervical spine

torticollis causes

- congential abnormalities (shortened sternocleidomastoid) - neuromuscular issues - jaw misalignment - ear problems

spinal rotation

in structured scoliosis - vertebral bodies rotate toward convex side of curve - spinous process rotate toward the concave side - creates rotational prominence on convex side - disc spaces are narrowed on concave side + widened on convex side

FINAL POSTURE Flashcards

(57 cards)