Final Pt. 2

Question 1

Chemoreceptors respond to…

Answer 1

chemicals in aqueous solutions (saliva, nasal mucuos)

Question 2

What are some features of olfactory cells?

Answer 2

replaced every 4-8 weeks, dendrite towards mucus (captures airborne odorants, few molecules activate cell)

Question 3

What system do olefactory receptors use?

Answer 3

2nd messanger system to trigger ligand channels with Na, Ca

Question 4

Where do olefactory APs synapse?

Answer 4

AP carried to olefactory bulbs, synapse on mitral cell

Question 5

3 steps of olefactory transmission?

Answer 5

1. Axons travel past cribiform plate/ ethmoid bone to reach olefactory bulb
2. synpase w/ mitral cell to form olefcatory tract
3. olefactory tract goes to limbic system and olefactory cortex

Question 6

Sense of smell does not:

Answer 6

Pass through thalamus

Question 7

In order to taste…

Answer 7

Much touch hairs on gustatory neurons
Binding of chemical depolarises membrane (generator potential to brainstem)

Question 8

Taste is a…

Answer 8

complex sensory reception

Question 9

What is a taisant?

Answer 9

odorant, binds to specialized receptors on gustatory hairs open graded potential, activates afferent fibers

Question 10

what 2 facial nerves aide in taste?

Answer 10

Facial nerve (XII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

Question 11

What 4 cells make taste cells?

Answer 11

epithelial cells, gustatory cells (sensory taste) basal cells (stem cells), can sense touch and thermal
supporting cells (insulating receptor)

Question 12

What do the microvilli is gustatory cells do?

Answer 12

extend through taste pore into salivia to detect chemicals

Question 13

5 tastes correspond with what ions?

Answer 13

sweet- sugar, alcohol, amino acids (guslducin)
salt- metal ions (Na)
sour- hydrogen ions
bitter- alkaloids (nicotine, quintinko)
Umami- glutamate (amino acid)

Question 14

Pathway of taste through facial nerves

Answer 14

facial and glossopharyngeal nerve take impulse to solidary nucleus of the medulla- thalamus- gustatory cortex- hypothalamus and limbic system

Question 15

What influences taste?

Answer 15

80% smell, thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors also influence taste

Question 16

What is conjunctivia

Answer 16

transparent membrane that lines eyelid as palabrea conjuctivia and covers whites of eyes as occular conjuctivia

Question 17

What is conjuctivitis

Answer 17

Pink eye

Question 18

What is the cilliary body?

Answer 18

fine focus, less than 20 ft
as muscles relax, lens gets rounder
connected to cillilary zonule (which inserts into lens)

Question 19

Label eye

Answer 19

LABEL

Question 20

What is the palebrae?

Answer 20

eyelids, palpebral fissure seperates eyelids
levator palpabrae superioris (elevates) , tarsal plates supports eyelid

Question 21

What part of eye is important for focus?

Answer 21

cornea shape is important for focus, not lens which looses elasticity with age

Question 22

Scleral venus sinus

Answer 22

point of transistion between white and iris

Question 23

Lens moves what way for vision?

Answer 23

flattens for distant, bulges for close

Question 24

Constrictor/ dialtor pupillae

Answer 24

Constrict/ dialate pupil (under PNS)

Question 25

6 steps in production of tears

Answer 25

1- lacrimal gland produces secretions 2- tears enter conjuctivial sac 3- tears flow upper left to lower right 4- tears enter lacrimal cannuli 5- drain into lacrimal sac 6- Empty via nasal-lacrimal duct

Question 26

What is the optic disc

Answer 26

lots of ganglion cells, exit eye and go to thalamus

Question 27

blindspot

Answer 27

No light absorption due to high density of myleinated axons and no photoreceptors

Question 28

what gives blood supply to eye?

Answer 28

central artery and vein of retina

Question 29

emmertropic, myopic, hyperopic?

Answer 29

normal, nearsighted (long eyeball), hyperopic (far sighted (short eyeball)

Question 30

what are ganglion cell axons?

Answer 30

run along inner surface of retina and leave as optic @ optic disc

Question 31

What is the Macula lutea?

Answer 31

High density of photoreceptors, center. of fovea centrialis (highest concentration of cones) max light density area

Question 32

Rod vs cone cell:?

Answer 32

rod- 1 cell for one pigment (black/ white) cone- 3 different cells for different pigments (red/ green/ blue)

Question 33

What is rhodospin?

Answer 33

photosensitive protein in retina that bends of cause confromational change

Question 34

How does rhodopsin work?

Answer 34

more cis retinal (bent) in produced in the dark in light retinol is bleached into all- transform (straight) - this dissaction causes g protein reaction via oxidation

Question 35

Dark vs light eye channels

Answer 35

Dark Light Depolarize Hyperpolarize Ca channels open ca channels closed IPSP, No Nt No NT, No ISPS No ESPS NT released No AP ESPS in ganglion AP