Final Review

Question 1

How do gender ideologies influence media coverage?

Answer 1

Men are seen as extravagant, record breakers, where women are seen as ordinary or mundane

Question 2

What are the main patterns of the media’s portrayals of women in sport
Mainly :

Examples :
Gender m___
Com___ He____
Appropriate f____
In___
non ___ related
Comparison with ___
Photographic re____
Attribution of ____

Answer 2

Mainly sexualized and trivialized

Gender marking, compulsory heterosexuality, appropriate femininity, infantilization, non sport related, comparison with men, photographic representations and Attribution or error

Question 3

Changes or shifts in women’s sport media coverage

Answer 3

Increasing coverage of women’s media, social media helps with no gatekeeping
Need to increase media literacy

Question 4

Cheryl Cooky - The female Athlete : Missing in action
Describe the overall trend of women’s representation in sport media

Answer 4

Only as sex symbols
Misogynistic language used in reports and interviews, focus on body not skills

Question 5

What is media literacy ?

Answer 5

The ability to access, analyze, evaluate and create media in a variety of forms

Question 6

What is gatekeeping in sport media?

Answer 6

The process in which information is filtered for public consumption
- companies “choose” stories to present

Question 7

What is Gender ideology in sport media?

Answer 7

Set of beliefs that media reinforces about how men and women are supposed to look, act or belong in sport
Sport as masculine

Question 8

What are the three intersections of the Sport Media Complex?
What are the outcomes of the sport/media complex?

Answer 8

Mass media, sport and advertising
Outcomes include marginalization of women’s sport and televised sports manhood formula

Question 9

How is sexuality portrayed in the media?
Idealistic __
Emphasis on…
Sportscasters emphasize..
Shift to..

Answer 9

Idealistic lesbian
Emphasis on men’s devotion to sport
Sportscasters emphasize marital and maternal statues of heterosexual female athlete
Shift to sexual minorities, media will out them and they have to be role models

Question 10

Heated Rivalry
Main patterns of media’s portrayals of gender and sexuality in sport

Answer 10

GOOOD for representation in masculine sports

Question 11

Catherine baker
What is the role of algorithms and influencers in shaping worldviews?

What was recommended to young males?

Social media can act as an “e___ c___”

Role of influencers on masculinity

Answer 11

Things can surpass gatekeeping as every information now can be presented
Most things recommended to young males were anti-feminist/misogynistic
Can act as an echo chamber
Influencers can repackage ideologies and use subtle forms of misogyny

Question 12

What is sex testing, gender verification and sex control?

Answer 12

The process used to determine which sex category an elite female can compete in, used in sport
Sex control is used to shift the scrutiny away from women who are made vulnerable by these policies
gender verification is an assessment used to determine a women’s eligibility to compete in a female, more used literature

Question 13

What is the evolution of sex testing over time?
EAT
BBT
PCR
THT

What dates are associated with each test?

Answer 13

External Anatomy Tests 1930-1960
Barr body 1967-1992
PCR 1992 - 2006
THT 2006-Current

Question 14

What are the three assumptions of sport and sex testing?

Answer 14

Existence of sex binary
Sport as a level playing field
Notion of unfair advantages

Question 15

Consequences of sex testing on Cisgender
DSD/Intersex
Transgender

Answer 15

Trans : regression, barring women and girls from competition, sport as an unwelcome environment
DSD : “found out” through policies, construction of discourse of conflict between women with and without
- suspicion based
Cisgender : Monitoring of physical appearance, skill or other subjectivities
- policing even if they are not barred

Question 16

Caster Semenya
What are the scientific, racial, ethical implications of policing women’s bodies in sport?

Answer 16

Her sucess is because of only one thing, if a women does well thet must be like a man
Hyperandrogrogensism

Question 17

William Bridel Guest lecture
What is Critical policy analysis?
What is the purpose of sport policy?
What are the findings and outcomes of Skate Canada?
What is the evolution of IOC trans inclusion policies?

Answer 17

Sport policy : Strategic, documented framework guiding administration of a sport within a state or organization
Critical policy analysis is a form of research undertaken in many disciplines, that challenges
Skate canada : policy analysis, technical rules, no trans inclusion policy

Question 18

Evan Bosnjak Guest lecture
How is fear used as a tool for control,, exclusion and discrimination?
What is the current research landscape of “advantages” of trans women?
Why do sport organizations struggle with implementation of Bill 29?
What is the resistance to exclusion in sport spaces for trans queer folks?

Answer 18

Spreading hate and control

Bill 29 - people must create their own policies, puts ownership on them instead of government
Trans resist by creatively adapting how they move instead of abandoning sport

Question 19

What is heteronormativity?

What is sexuality?

What is Sexual identity?

What is a sexual minority?

What is minority stress?

Answer 19

The belief that straight and cisgendered is the normal sexuality/ identity and inherent

Sexuality : sexual attraction and desires

Sexual identity : A term used to designate an individual’s attraction to someone else. Orientation/sexuality

Minorites = umbrella term for groups who are not norm

Stress : chronic, cumulative stress, discrimination and stigma experienced by marginalized groups

Question 20

How is language and symbolism around sexuality dynamic/fluid/evolving
What are some examples?

Question 21

Second Bridel Guest Lecture

How does qualitative research gather, analyze and share stories?

How did resistance to overt and covert forms of discrimination impact the queer community in 1980-2000

What are the experiences and impact of athletes such as Mark Tewksbury, Lindsay Alcock, and Brock McGillis

Answer 21

Tweksbury lost 6 figure contract
Alcock said she was lesbian and they didn’t care, still let her sign
Brock first hockey player

Question 22

What are the three stages of homohysteria?
What is the one time rule of heterosexuality?

Answer 22

Homoerasure, homohysteria and inclusivity

The one time rule is that if you were seen you were labeled the rest of your life (n the homoerasure stage)

Question 23

What is the link between homohysteria, the heterosexual matrix and the institution of sport?

Answer 23

Heterosexual matrix = normal, sport enforces by linking athletic skill with straight identity, homohysteria is the weapon, threatening gay to those who do no comply

Question 24

What are the complexities associated with the visibility and inclusion of 2LSGBTQIA+ in sports?
Examples

Answer 24

Having visible athletes does not create change right away
Favor some people who come out, rather than others (Collins vs Griner)

Question 25

What is homonormativity and its impact in sport spaces? Examples

Answer 25

Idealization of heteronormativity, assimilation of homo into those spaces, downplays violence

Question 26

What are the following terms? Disability Ableism Bodymind

Answer 26

Disability = umbrella term for impairments, limitations and restrictions, denotes negative aspects of health conditions and contextual factors Abelism is the notion that the non-disabled body is more valuable Bodymind = term that emphasizes the interconnection of mental and physical processes

Question 27

How are disability and ableism socially constructed?

Answer 27

there is no clear definition of "low ability" vs high ability

Question 28

In terms of disability, what are the themes of normativity, discomfort and accessibility

Answer 28

Normativity = intersection of eugenics, capitalism and need for progress Discomfort = collective recoil from disability Accessibility = possibilities for inclusivity, accessibility and representation for all

Question 29

How can we use these frameworks can we use to understand disability? Medical model Social Model Critical Disabilities What is the link between queer and crip theory?

Answer 29

Medical = embedded with ableism, sees disabilities as a tragedy and something we want to fix Social sees disability as an individual pathology created by society and they want to make more inclusive environments Critical = argues we must include voices of disabled people, challenges stable nature Crip = combination of critical disability studies and queer theory

Question 30

Guest - Lisa Stowe What does her story reveal about how disability is organized in sport?

Answer 30

Disabled athletes are athletes first Why does she have to prove her disability You want to be more disabled, and what defines how disabled people are?

Question 31

How has ableism impacted participation in sport for those with disabilities?

Answer 31

People with disabilities participate in far fewer numbers than those who do not

Question 32

What is the supercrip stereotype? Examples?

Answer 32

Performance over participation, which happens when sport media and organizations depict athletes with disabilities as superhuman despite disability

Question 33

Results / discussion of reading Dean et Al

Answer 33

Autoethnography, women seen as less than with less funding

Question 34

Complexity associated with intersections of sexuality and disability in sport

Answer 34

Autoethnography classifications of least disabled, women get less funding, seen as less valuable, social barriers

Question 35

Define the terms : Race Racialized Racialized other Ethnicity Racism Scientific racism - in sport

Answer 35

Race = socially constructed idea of classifying people into groups based on perceived physical characteristics they share Racialized = nature of race is socially constructed Racialized other = racialized and ethnic groups who are socially constructed as fundamentally different and inferior to other group Ethnicity = distinguished markers such as shared linguistics, religious, national or ancestral heritage Racism = sociocultural system that categorizes humans into a hierarchy of races Scientific = co-opting of science and language to construct race as a real thing to justify inequality - saying that physiological factors explain the successes and failures

Question 36

How are race and ethnicity socially constructed ?

Answer 36

Built on white europeans as top of hierarchy, used to justify colonialism

Question 37

What is the difference between race and ethnicity ? How do racial and ethnic discrimination affect sport participation?

Answer 37

Race is phenotype Ethnicity is a shared culture

Question 38

What are three key theories in the study of race and ethnicity in sport? IT CS CRT

Answer 38

Intersectionality Theory - attention to ways people experience facing multiple forms of oppression can't be understood by examining only one source at a time Cultural studies - racial identities socially constructed and context dependent Critical Race theory - Racism is dominant in western cultural norms and institutions such as health care, education and carceral systems

Question 39

Nick Bascilio Guest Lecture - What are the themes of microaggressions, intersectionality and homophobia?

Answer 39

Microaggression is small everyday discrimination Intersectionality = multiple identities overlap and experiences can't be understood separately Homophobia = sport favors straight masculine Queer - fit in Athletic capital of better performance = fit in

Question 40

How do gender, sexuality and race/ethnicity intersect in sport?

Answer 40

Punjabi women in sport tension of intra and inter community dynamics Muslims oppressed (hijabi ballers)

Question 41

What are the following terms? Settler Colonialism Decolonization Reconciliation Culture resurgence

Answer 41

SC : refers to colonizers staying in the land, engaging in external and internal colonialism and using sport as a tool to maintain power Decolonization is the active undoing of colonial systems Reconciliation is the fairness, healing and building relationships between indigenous and non-indigenous people based on respect and acknowledging truth cultural resurgence is the process of empowerment indigenous identity, through sovereignty, self determination and pride

Question 42

What is Post-Colonist theory?

Answer 42

examines how colonialism continues to affect cultures, identities, languages and power relations in former colonial nations Unequal power/claims on land

Question 43

What is the link between leisure, sport and colonialism Examples?

Answer 43

European ideas of proper work, time and leisure were imposed, indigenous seen as lazy so their games and practices were banned

Question 44

What is the link between gender/sex/sexuality binaries, colonialism and sport? Lacrosse example Documentary

Answer 44

Colonial gender norms racialized and controlled bodies, shaping who would participate Lacrosse : Ethnocentric distortions of lacrosse led to appropriation and transformation, 1867 banned indigenous players Two spirit is not just about sexuality but about spiritual and cultural belonging

Question 45

IOC process