1
Q
What are the 8 stages?
A
- Trust v. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. shame, doubt
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Identity Diffusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. self-absorption
- Integrity vs. Despair
2
Q
Trust v. Mistrust
A
- First stage
- Age: infancy
- Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.
- Strength: Hope
3
Q
Autonomy vs. shame, doubt
A
- 2nd stage
- Age: early childhood (2-3 years old)
- Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure could lead to feelings of shame & doubt.
- Strength: Will
4
Q
Initiative vs. guilt
A
- 3rd stage
- Age: Play age (3-5 years)
- Children need to begin asserting control &power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power may experience disproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
- Strength: Purpose
5
Q
Industry vs. Inferiority
A
- 4th stage
- Age: school age (6 to 11)
- Children need to cope w/ new social &academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority
- Strength: Competence
6
Q
Identity vs. Identity Diffusion
A
- 5th stage
- Age: Adolescence
- Teens need to develop a sense of self &personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
- Strength: Fidelity
7
Q
Intimacy vs. Isolation
A
- 6th Stage
- Age: Early adulthood
- Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
- Strength:Love
8
Q
Generativity vs. self-absorption
A
- 7th stage
- Age: adulthood
- Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness &accomplishment. Failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
- Strength: Care
9
Q
Integrity vs. Dispair
A
- 8th stage
- Age: old age
- Older adults need to look back on life &feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness &despair.
- Strength: Wisdom
10
Q
Who began ego psychology?
A
Anna Freud
11
Q
For Anna Freud what was the role of the ego defense mechanisms?
A
- Unconscious strategies the ego employs for keeping anxiety, or other threats to the ego out of awareness.
- Total of 15 defense mechanisms
12
Q
What are Anna Freud’s Narcissistic Mechanisms?
A
- Identification: excluding awareness from consciousness
- Denial: Distorts reality to protect the ego from external threats.
- Reversal: Reduces both aim & content of an instinct to make impulses acceptable.
- Turning against the self: Turns hatred or other unacceptable emotion against the self instead of to others.
- Repression & Regression: are in the 3 stages of mechanisms
13
Q
What are Anna Freud’s Intermediate Mechanisms?
A
- Undoing what has been done: attempt by symbolic or motor action to make a past happening non-exsistent
- Isolation: removes instinctual impulse form its emotional context, so the idea is isolated from feelings
- Reaction formation: hold off unacceptable impulses by emphasizing opposite thoughts & behaviors (believes it is the most mature)
14
Q
What are Anna Freud’s Sophisticated High-Level Mechanisms?
A
- Intellectualization: Copes with instinctual conflicts by translating them into intellection terms (writing about sex rather than participating in it)
- Rationalization: Devises a plausible explanation for engaging in forbidding behavior
- Projection: Unconsciously projects one’s unacceptable behavior, impulse onto someone else
- Displacement: Allows unacceptable parts of the unconscious to bypass resistance & appear in dram thoughts
- Substitution: (similar to Freud’s misplacement) leaves the source, aim & energy of an impulse the same, but changes the target
- Sublimation: (highest) transforms unacceptable impulses into socially accepted prized behaviors (dexter & blood)
15
Q
According to Melanie Klein, what is object relations theory?
A
Is the inner life of the infant & young child that is full of images of death & destruction
16
Q
According to Melanie Klein, what is depressive position?
A
A developmental stage, peaking at about 6 months, when the infant fears that losing or destroying the beloved caretaker.
17
Q
What are the parts of the object-relations theory?
A
- Introjected Objects: internalized image of parens & other adults. She viewed the child’s inner world as savage and sadistic filled with persecution and fear
- Whole & part objects: whole objects are internal images of entire persons. parts are are images of separate organs & products
- Early superego: Sadistic & sever, this introjected parental object & comes before oedipal conflict.
- Id: Sadistic center of protection against death & frightening objects, ego functions in sorting out “good” & “bad” part & whole objects
18
Q
What are the motivations in Klein’s Model of personality (also what makes a person go)?
A
- Splitting: Advances development by splitting whole objects into more manageable “good” or “bad” parts (projection)
- Death instincts: Anxiety about death-driving force]
- Epistemophilic instinct: Desire to know
- Weaning: the pivotal development event triggering intense sadistic impulses
- Sadistic impulses: the child’s mean of protection from the threatening enemies such as parent, caretakers, and “others” out there.
19
Q
What are the development parts in Klein’s Model of personality?
A
- Infant passes through positions
- Paranoid position: birth - 3mo
- Depressive position: begins 3-6mo., helps them develop tools for life.
20
Q
What are the individualism parts in Klein’s Model of personality?
A
- No infant care-taker relationships are the same
2. Each infant brings unique blend of splitting, emotions, etc.
21
Q
According to Melanie Klein, what filed a baby’s mind?
A
Agressiveness & cruelty
22
Q
What was Melanie Klein’s “lasting legacy”?
A
Play therapy (1923): a treatment method that encourages children to play out their feelings.
23
Q
What is the difference between Psychoanalysis and Object Relations Theory?
A
Psychoanalysis refers to a treatment method for the alleviation of emotional problems (intrapersonal), while object relation theory maintains that human relationships are the primary motivational source of life (interpersonal)
24
Q
What are the parts of Karen Horney’s “selves”?
A
- Despised real self: experiences the self as unworthy & detestable
- Ideal self: strives for perfection
- Positive real self: authentic core with the potential for growth & health
- Actual self: the sum of everything a person actually is, disregarding judgment by others.
25
How did Horney respond to Freud’s Penis Envy?
She accepted that penis envy might occur occasionally in neurotic women, but stated that "womb envy" occurs just as much in men
- Womb envy: theory that men were envious of a woman's ability to bear children.
26
According to Horney, what are 4 ways we protect ourselves in childhood anxiety?
1. Securing love & affection
2. Being submissive
3. Attaining power
4. Withdrawing
27
What are neurotic trends?
- 3 categories of behaviors & attitude toward oneself & others that express a person's needs
- Neurotic persons are compelled to act based on one of the neurotic trends
28
What are the neurotic trends that move TOWARDS others?
1. Affection & approval
| 2. A dominant partner
29
What are the neurotic trends that move AGAINST others?
3. Power
4. Exploitation
5. Prestige
6. Admiration
7. Achievement or ambition
30
What are the neurotic trends that move AWAY others?
8. Self-sufficiency
9. Perfection
10. Narrow limits to life
31
According to Horney what kind of personality moves towards others?
A compliant personality
32
According to Horney what kind of personality moves against others?
An aggressive personality
33
According to Horney what kind of personality moves away from others?
A detached personality
34
What did Kohut stress in his theory of self-psychology?
Stressed that individuals need relationships throughout life.
35
What is mirroring according to Kohut?
- A mother who empathically affirms her infant's sense of health, happiness, greatness & strength
- Validating feelings (professors example: when daughter fell)
36
What are Kohut's similarities to freud?
- Emphasis on relationship
- Transference reaction critical
- Presenting problem - likely subset of larger personality deficit
- Importance of early developmental factors
37
What are Kohut's differences to freud?
- Kohut emphasized empathy
- Intrapsychic versus interpersonal history
- Attitude toward psychosexual factors & stages
38
What did Alfred Adler stress?
Adler’s work stressed the importance of nurturing feelings of belonging and striving for superiority.
39
According to Alfred Adler what is social interest?
- An innate potential to cooperate w/ others to achieve personal and societal goals
- Develops in infancy though learning experience
40
According to Alfred Adler what is organ inferiority?
- Each individual has a weak area in his or her body--organ inferiority, which tends to be the area where illness occurs, such as the stomach, head, heart, back, lungs, etc.
- Adler said that to some degree every emotion finds expression in the body
41
According to Alfred Adler what is compensatory striving?
Becoming stronger, better in some way
42
According to Alfred Adler what is overcompensation (masculine protest)?
To feel competent & in control
43
What is individual psychology?
Human behavior defined by social, not biological forces.
44
What did Adler suggest about the first born?
- Possible envy at having been dethroned
- Also may identity w/ parent & be a helper & mentor.
- Sets pace for others
- Parents are more anxious
45
What did Adler suggest about the second born?
Often more competitive
46
What did Adler suggest about youngest child?
- More likely to be pampered
| - Will be ambitious, but may be discouraged too, which results in lazyness
47
What did Adler suggest about the only child?
- Often sweet
- Too dependent
- People pleaser
48
What was the basic driving force according to Adler?
- To attempt to overcome death
- Attempt to overcome the various forms of inferiority & vulnerability we experience
- To live constructively in the presence of our weakness & vulnerabilities
- Become superior
49
According to Alfred Adler what does it mean to compensate?
Upon discovering that they lack something they try to achieve goals that make them feel superior.
50
According to Alfred Adler what is inferiority complex?
- Every child develops feelings of inferiority because they are around superior, stronger & more capable adults.
- As a child grows they become obsessed with original feelings of inferiority & strives for recognition & power
- Complex occurs when child does not compensate
51
According to Alfred Adler what is creative self?
- Places responsibility of one's personality into their own hands
- See's individual as responsible & attempts to show person that they cannot blame others for uncontrollable forces for current condition
52
What does Adler say about birth order?
Suggests that birth order affects personality development.
53
What are the 4 personality styles Adler talked about?
1. Ruling type
2. Leaning type
3. Avoiding type
4. Socially useful
54
According to Adler what is the ruling type?
- Tendency to be aggressive, process intense energy that overwhelms anything or anybody who gets in their way
- some turn energy inward & harm themselves
55
According to Adler what is the leaning type?
- sensitive, rely on others to carry them through life's challenges
- lack energy
- prone to anxieties, obsessions, compulsions & dissociation
56
According to Adler what is the avoiding type?
- Low energy,
- recoil w/ in selves to conserve energy
- avoid life as a whole
- in extreme cases develop psychosis
57
According to Adler what is the socially useful type?
- healthy individuals
- have adequate, but not overwhelming social interest & energy
- able to give to others bc they're not consumed by a sense of inferiority
58
What do Kernberg and Kohut disagree on?
Kernberg disagrees with Kohut that there is not n empathic mirroring of caretakers, but on sexuality, aggression & rage are neutralized under the influence of caretakers.
59
What are the three clusters?
- Cluster A: Weird
- Cluster B: Wild
- Cluster C: Worried
60
What disorders fall under Cluster A: Weird?
- Paranoid
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal
61
What disorders fall under Cluster B: Wild?
- Antisocial
- Narcissistic
- Borderline
- Histrionic
62
What disorders fall under Cluster C: Worried?
- Obsessive-compulsive
- Dependent
- Avoidant
63
What personality disorder is generally believed to occur more in women than men?
Boderline personality disorder
64
What personality disorder is generally believed to occur more in men than women?
NPD
65
What is the difference between a thick-skinned narcissist & a thin skin narcissist
- Thick skinned: exaggerated grandiosity, extraversion, dominance and exploitation of others, intense envy, frequent bouts of rage, aggression, blaming others, and most importantly, the inability to consciously experience shame, seeks to be admired
- Thin skinned: direct their rage inwardly, resulting in dysphoria or depression, and they experience searing shame, seeks to fuse with an idealized other, more likely to commit suicide
66
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
- "Add ons" to normal behaviors
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized speech
67
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Tend to persist longer than positive symptoms
- More difficult to treat
- Emotionless
- Withdrawal
- Struggling with the basics of daily life
- No follow through
68
What is paranoid schizophrenia?
Patient has delusion that a person or individuals are plotting against them or their family
69
Which gender is paranoid SZ more commonly seen?
Men
Theories of Personalities
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