FINAL REVIEW

Question 1

What converts Serine to Glycine?

Answer 1

Serine transhydroxymethylase

Question 2

Respiratory - symp coupling contributes to _% of BP

Answer 2

25%

Question 3

A loss in 2-pore channels lead to shorter or longer time for the rats to be anaesthetised, hence losing sensitivity to it

Answer 3

longer

Question 4

Most common GABA subunits

Answer 4

a1B2gamma2

Question 5

Golgi tendon organs encode

Answer 5

Tension

Question 6

Depolarisation of the outer hair cells alters the physical deformation of the inner hair cells.

Answer 6

Depolarisation of the outer hair cells alters the physical deformation of the inner hair cells.

Question 7

Prey animals (sheep, cows, horses) have a visual streak, what is that?

Answer 7

Horizontal line of high density detectors that pick up the horizon, looking out for disturbances so they can run away from predators.

Question 8

RGS (Regulator of G protein Signalling) accelerates?

Answer 8

Hydrolysis of GTP to GDP

Question 9

PKA - does not only phosphorylate ion channels but also?

Answer 9

Acts as GPCR kinase - phosphorylating GPCR so arrestin will bind to it

Question 10

List the things PSD95 can bind to (6)

Answer 10

• AMPA
• NMDA receptors
• Neurogilins
• nNOS
• Calcium-calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMKII) (Regulates NMDA and AMPA cycling and implicated in memory formation)
• Shank proteins, indirectly via GKAP -Shanks can also bind directly to neuroligins

Question 11

PSD93 seems to be involved in nicotinic synapses

Answer 11

PSD93 seems to be involved in nicotinic synapses

Question 12

Why is the mossy fibre synapse “stronger”?

Answer 12

-More current flows into the dendrite
-The synapses are located close to cell body (less current leakage)
Both lead to greater depolarisation of the neuron

Question 13

What are the recycling and reserve vesicles tethered to?

Answer 13

Linked by synapsin to Actin filaments

Question 14

Components of the axonal skeleton (4)

Answer 14

• Microfilaments (actin): 8 nm diameter - most abundant at axon terminus, interacts with spectrin (involved in cell-cell contact)
• Intermediate filaments (neurofilament): 10 nm - used as a marker to differentiate neuron from glia
• Microtubules: 24 nm diameter - made by linear polymerisation of globular proteins
• Spectrin - protein giving shape and support to cell membrane and axonal membrane by forming a lattice underneath the membrane. Globular protein that polymerises and cross-links. Binds to structural proteins such as actin and Ankyrin, and to some integral membrane proteins. It is capable of transmitting extracellular signals (sometimes from adjeacent/contacting cells) to neurofilament and microtubules

Question 15

Intergrate and fire neurons

Answer 15

• Basis of most neural network models that try to simulate cognitive processes
• Each neuron simply adds the synaptic inputs via some mathematical rule and if a threshold is exceeded an action potential is generated
• The classic version is the McCulloch – Pitts neurons (originally an electronic model).

Question 16

NL3R451C mice increased GABA function in sensory cortex, increased glutamate function in hippocampus and mimics the KO at some GABA synapses

Answer 16

NL3R451C mice increased GABA function in sensory cortex, increased glutamate function in hippocampus and mimics the KO at some GABA synapses

Question 17

Microbiome modifies central mood, etc via?

Answer 17

Cytokines, tryptophan metabolites

–Probably also via primary afferent neurons

Question 18

Tools for study of gut microbiome (3)

Answer 18

• 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing identifying presence of different species
• Metabolomics
• Germ-free mice (mice with no microbiota AT ALL)

Question 19

Eph/ephrins, semaphorins, tenascin- what are they?

Answer 19

Axon guidance molecules

Question 20

CSPG (chondroitin sulphite proteoglycans) and Collagen IV

Answer 20

Astroctye ECM

Question 21

TGFB (transforming growth factor B) activates astrocytes, what happens when you block it?

Answer 21

Nothing - it doesn’t aid in regeneration

Question 22

Location of neurogenic regions that make stem cells

Answer 22

SVZ and SGZ

1) Subventricular zone of lateral ventricle (goes to olfactory bulb via rostral migratatory stream)
2) Subgranular zone of dentate gyrus of hippocampus (goes to GL layer of hippocamppus)

Question 23

Inflammatory soup

Answer 23

cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteases

*Chemokines attract stem cells from injury site, affecting recovery

Question 24

Where does CaCam Kinase II attach to in NMDA?

Answer 24

TAIL

Question 25

Where is hippocampus found?

Answer 25

Medial temporal lobe and part of cerebral cortex

Question 26

Function of hippocampus?

Answer 26

Spatial memory (RIGHT SIDE) and consolidation of ST to LT memory

Question 27

Role of CaCam Kinase II

Answer 27

- Phosphorylates AMPA receptors (increases conductance) - Phosphorylate PSD-95 (receptor clustering protein) and cause greater clustering of AMPA receptors - Necessary for structural synaptic plasticity - the formation of new active zones

Question 28

Ca-activated enzymes in dendrites

Answer 28

``` Cam kinase II Nitric oxide synthase Phospholipase A2 (-> arachidonic acid) Calmodulin (-> Adenylate cyclase) Protein Kinase C Calpain (proteolytic properties) ```

Question 29

Retrograde messengers - able to rapidly diffuse across membranes

Answer 29

``` Arachidonic acid Nitric oxide Carbon monoxide O2- (superoxide) Cannabinoids ```

Question 30

Two phases of LTP

Answer 30

Early (electrical-chemical) - changes regarding transient increase in calcium, phosphorylation, VACC etc. Late (structural) - increase in N (number of release sites), transcriptional changes involving CREB

Question 31

Effects of NMDA Stimulation

Answer 31

1. Change in probability of vesicle release (This is the earliest phase of LTP) 2. Change in size of current produced by each AMPA receptor 3. Change in number of AMPA receptors 4. Change in the electrical excitability of the dendritic membrane 5. Production of a new dendritic spine

Question 32

BDNF

Answer 32

Important in structural phase, if you activate NMDA long enough, you will get BDNF. During physical and mental exercise, BDNF is released.

Question 33

Rhythms of the Brain are observed using

Answer 33

Theta 5 - 10 Hz - it disappears when you fall asleep

Question 34

What is theta rhythm dependent on?

Answer 34

ACh

Question 35

Where are place cells found?

Answer 35

Medial part of entorhinal cortex, CA3 Pyramidal neurons

Question 36

Phase precision?

Answer 36

The spiking of a place cell earlier in the phase cycle relative to the theta rhythm of the hippocampus as you move closer to the centre of a space.