NURS 344 > final study > Flashcards

final study Flashcards

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1
Q

nursing research

A

systematic, rigorous, logical investigation aiming to answer questions about nursing phenomena

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2
Q

evidence informed practice

A

integrating best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values/prreferences

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3
Q

inductive reasoning

A

bottom up logic
-starts with observations and details
-then moves to general theory

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4
Q

inductive reasoning is common in

A

qualitative research

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5
Q

deductive reasoning

A

top down
-starts with theory/hypothessi and tests it rhough observation

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6
Q

deductive reasoning is common in

A

quantitative research

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7
Q

positivism/post positivism

A

a worldview that values objectivity and believes in one single reality
-assosciated with quantitiatve research and deductive reasoning

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8
Q

constructivism or naturalism

A

a worldview that vlaues subectivity
-multiple realities

assosciated with qualitative research and inductivie reasoning

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9
Q

ontology

A

philosophical study of the nature of being or existence
- “what is reality”

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10
Q

epistemology

A

the study of knowledge
-“how do we know what we know”

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11
Q

PICO(T) format

A

a framework for formualting research questions

Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
(Time)

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12
Q

FINER criteria

A

criteria for a good research question

Feasible
Interesting
Novel
Ethical
Relevant

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13
Q

hypothesis

A

statement predicting the relationship between two or more variables

-translates the research question into a predicition

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14
Q

null hypothesis or H0

A

states there is no relationship between variables
-used for statistical testing

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15
Q

directional hypothesis

A

predicts the specific direction of a relationship

example: positive effect, increases, decreases

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16
Q

non directional hypothesis

A

predicts a relationship exists but does not specifiy the direction
- X will affect Y

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17
Q

simple vs complex hypothesis

A

simple: relationship between 2 variables
complex: relationship between 3 or more variables

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18
Q

independant variable or IV

A

the cause
-variable manipulated by the researcher

example: the treatment or intervention

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19
Q

dependant variable or DV

A

the effect or outcome
-variable being measured to see it it changed

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20
Q

extraneous (confounfing) variable

A

a variable that confuses the relationship between IV and DV
-needs to be controlled to ensure accurate results

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21
Q

operational definition

A

how a concept is measured or defined specifically in the study

example: defining “stress” as a score on a specific anxiety scale

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22
Q

experimental design

A

the golden standard
-must have three features: randomization, control and manipulation (intervention)

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23
Q

quasi-experiemntal design

A

similar to experimental but lacks randomization
-often uses non equivalent control groups

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24
Q

non experiemntal design

A

the researcher observes but does not intervene or manipulate variables
-includes surverys, correlational and comparative studies

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25
internal validity
the degree to which we can be sure the IV caused the DV and not something else
26
threats of internal validitiy
history, maturation, testing and morality
27
external validity
generalizability -the degree to which the study results can be applied to other populations or settings
28
randomized control trial
specific experimental design where subjects are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups -considered high level evidnce
29
threat: history
an external event occuring during the study that affects the results example: media campagin about smoking while testing a stop smoking drug
30
threat: maturation
developmental changes in particpants over time example: wound healing naturally on its own and children growing older
31
threat: morality
participants dropping out of the study, potentially skewing the results
32
tri council policy statement or TCPS 2
the canadian guidline for ethical research involving humans -based on three core principles
33
principle of TCPS 2: respect for persons
recognizes automomy -participants msut be free to choose -those diminised autonomy msut be protected
34
principle of TCPS 2: concern for welfare
obligation to do no harm (non maleficence) and promote good (beneficence) -benefits must outweight risks
35
principle of TCPS 2: justice
fairness -equitable distribution of research benefits and burdons -no segment of the population should be unfairly burdened
36
informed consent
an ongoing process of communciation, not just a form -includes understanding, purpose, risks, benefits, and the right to withdraw at any time
37
research ethics board
a committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met before the study begins
38
tuskegee syphilis study
unethical historical study where treatment was withheld from african amerian men to study the course of syphilis
39
target vs accessible population
target: the entire set of indivudals meeting criteria accessible: the portion the researcher can actually reach
40
probability sampling
random selection where every element has a chance of being selected includes: simple random, stratified, cluster and systematic
41
non probability sampling
non random selection inludes: convenience, quota, and purposive
42
non probability samping has a higher risk of
bias
43
stratified random sampling
the population is divided into subgroups (strata), and random samples are taken from each to ensure representation
44
conveniance sampling
using the most conveniently avalible people it is the most widely used method in quantitative research but the weakest (most bias)
45
power analysis
a statistical test used to estimate the required sample size needed to avoid a type II error (false negative)
46
levels of measurement (NOIR)
N- nominal (categories, no order) O- ordinal (ranked order) I- interval (equal distances, no true zero) R- ratio (true zero exists)
47
likert scale
a scale consisting of declerative statements where respondents express a viewpoint on continuum example: strongly agree to strongly disagree
48
visual analog scale or VAS
used to measure subjective expereinces (like pain) on a 100mm straight line between two extremes
49
social desirability bias
the tendency of particpants to respond in a way that views them favorably rather than truthfully
50
reliability
the consistency of a measuring instrument -if you measure the same thing twice, do you get the same result
51
cronbach’s alpha
a statistical test for internal consistency (reliability)
52
what values show internal consistency
a value of 0.80 or higher
53
face validity
the weakest form of validity -does the intrument look like it measures what its supposed to
54
content validity
a panel of experts rates whether the items on an instrument adequately cover the construct being measured
55
construct validity
the degree to which a test measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure
56
how do we measure construct validity
factor analysis or hypothesis testing
57
systematic error
a constant error that affects everyones scores equally -scale that is always 3lbs heavy
58
descrptive statistics
used to summarize or describe data example: mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation
59
inferential statistics
used to make predictions or draw conclusions about a population based on sample data example: T tests or ANOVA
60
type I error
alpha -rejecting the null hypothessi when it is actually true (false positive) -finding a difference when there isnt one
61
type II error
Beta -accepting the null hypothesis when it is actually false (false negative) -failing to find a difference that actually exists
62
T test
parametric test used to compare the means of two groups independant t test = different people paired t test = same people
63
ANOVA or analysis of variance
a test used to compare the means of three or more groups
64
chi square
non parametric test used to compare frequencies or proportions of categorical data categorical = nominal/ordinal
65
pearsons r
correlation coefficient measuring the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables -1.0 to +1.0
66
normal distribution
bell shaped curve where the mean, median and mode are all the same
67
grounded theory
method to generate a theory about a social process, grounded in data -uses theoretical sampling
68
phenomenology
focuses on descriving the lived expereince of individuals regarding a specific pehnomenon
69
ethnography
describes cultural groups and values -researchers usual seek an emic (insider) and etic (outsider) perspective
70
mixed methods
integrating qualitative and quantitative data in a single study to enhance validity and capture complexity
71
convergent (concurrent) design
collecting both qualitative and quantitative data at the same time and comparing them notation: qual + quan
72
sequential design
one strand happens first and informs the second example: explanatory: quan first, then qual to explain results Notation: QUAN—> qual
73
participatory action research or PAR
collaborative approach where researchers and participants work together in cycles to solve a problem and create change
74
inductive analysis
primary logic of qualitative analysis -patterns, themes, categories that emerge from data rather than being imposed on it (bottom up)
75
coding
the process of labeling segmenets of data (text) to organize and categorize it
76
in vivo codes
Codes that use the participants exact words Example: coding a section “it’s too much hard work” because the participant said that
77
Constructed codes
Codes created by the researcher using academic or theoretical terms to describe the data
78
Thematic analysis
A method of identifying, analyzing and reporting patterns (themes) within the data Involves moving from codes —> categories —> themes
79
Constant comparative method
A strategy (often used in grounded theory) where every new piece of data is compared to existing data/codes to refine categories
80
Data reduction
The process of selecting, focusing, simplifying and abstracting data from field notes or transcriptions
81
Coliazzis method
Specific data analysis method used in phenomenology to extract significant statements and formulate meanings
82
Reflexivity
Researcher critically reflecting on their own role, bias, and influence on the research process
83
Memoing
Writing notes to oneself during analysis to capture ideas, patterns or theoretical links -like brainstorming diary for the researcher
84
Critical appraisal
Systematic evaluation of a research study to judge its trustworthiness, value and relevance
85
Rigour
Quality standard in qualitative research -equivalent to validity, reliability in quantitative
86
Trustworthiness criteria
Four criteria for qualitative rigour: credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirm ability
87
CASP or critical appraisal skills program
Set of checklists/tools used to evaluate different types of research Example: RCTs, systematic reviews, qualitative studies
88
Logical consistency
Checking if the research report flows logically Example: does the method actually answer the research question stated
89
Bracketing
Technique sued in phenomenology where the researcher identifies their own preconceived beliefs and sets them aside to avoid influencing the data
90
Emit vs ethic
Etic: outsiders view (researchers interpretation) Emic: insiders view (how the culture sees itself)
91
Hawthorne effect
When the participants change their behaviour simply because they know they are being observed -threatens validity
92
Pilot study
Small scare trial run of the research design to identify problems before the main study -usually data collection stage
93
Triangulation
Using multiple data sources, methods or investigators to gain a more complete understanding of a phenomenon -usually used in mixed methods
94
Power
The probability of avoiding a type II error -helps determine necessary sample size -usually set at 0.80
95
Response rate
Percentage of people approached who actually participate -low response rate can introduce selection bias
96
Saturation
The point in qualitative data collection where no new information or themes are emerging -this signals it is time to stop collecting data
97
NURS 344
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