1
Q
Which study demonstrates:
ISI
NSI
A
- NSI: line study, Asch.
- ISI: Auto-kinetic effect study - pps asked how much the light moved.
2
Q
In what context are men an women more likely to conform?
A
- women conform a little more in all contexts, but more so in face to face interactions, more socially conform more
- men conform more in stereotypically female settings - eg child raising, domestic things.
3
Q
What is the foot in the door technique
A
- making an initial, small request then following that up with a larger, more desired request.
4
Q
What does it mean to internalize an opinion?
Which type of SI does it occur in?
Does NSI involve internalization?
A
- it means to make a group ideal into our own private thoughts - we agree with a group ideal privately, and in public
- ISI
- no, NSI includes only temporary changes in thinking until you are actually in that group context
5
Q
What is the door in the face technique? Give an example
A
- make an initially large request, then following it up with a more desired modest request
- eg asking for a car, then asking to go out with friends
6
Q
What factors can be manipulated to reduce rates of obedience? (Asch + Milgram)
A
- change proximity
- make teacher closer to learner
- make scientist further away from teacher
Asch:
- reduce rates of obedience by introducing a dissenter.
7
Q
What are tight-loose cultures?
A
- some cultures tolerate deviance from social norms (loose) some don’t (tight)
8
Q
Did Pps try to end the study in the Milgram study?
A
- No, scientist had phrases to use when pps were hesitant to shock
- 66% went up to the full 450V
9
Q
What is the accuracy motive?
A
- ISI: you have the desire to be right
10
Q
When is automatic mimicry most likely to occur?
A
- unconsciously, with people high in empathy or high in need to affiliate with others
- either when we are thinking about an action, or when we see others behave in a particular way, that behavior is brought to mind (ideomotor action)
- or preparation for social interaction - might build social support + more pleasant social interactions
11
Q
What is the negative state relief hypothesis?
A
You comply with a request to get rid of your negative mood.
12
Q
What is positive mood maintenance?
A
- you comply with a request to maintain your positive mood
13
Q
What is the mere exposure effect? Why does it occur?
A
- the more you’re exposed to something, the more you like it
- Why: increased familiarity = tends to increase your fondness for something
14
Q
Describe results of Harlow study (monkeys)
A
- monkeys proffered cloth covered mother who didn’t have food vs wire mother who did have food
- suggests that contact comfort is more important to monkeys than food asa drive for attachment.
15
Q
Why are there gender differences in mate preferences? How do they vary by category of explanation? (ASK)
A
- Evolutionary argument: females be choosier when selecting a mate, as they focus on ability to provide resources to offspring
- culture: its about resources and power differences, rather than sex differences.
- idea of males putting more emphasis on physical attractiveness vs females putting more on resources etc.
16
Q
Communal relationship
A
- tend to be long term, not based on equal exchange between parties.
17
Q
Exchange relationship
A
- tend to be short term, have to have equal ratio between parties on what is given and taken
18
Q
Roles of anxiety and avoidance in attachment
A
- anxiety influences the amount of fear and rejection, abandonment in relationships
- avoidance: influences level of comfort with intimacy
19
Q
Social exchange theory
A
- people tend to seek out interactions that have more reward than cost, or have the smallest amount of excess cost.
- people are motivated to maximize their own feelings of satisfaction
- people seek out rewards in interactions with others and are willing to pay certain costs to get them.
20
Q
What is the role of functional distance in friendship formation? Proximity? How does it apply to cross racial friendships?
A
- functional distance: ho close you are to someone in terms of interaction opportunities.
- increases chance of interacting with people.
- applies largest to cross racial friendships, as people are more likely to seek out friendships in people they think they are most similar to.
21
Q
What is most likely to lead to dissatisfaction in relationships?
A
- neuroticism - negative emotionality
- rejection sensitivity - respond negatively to the partner
- young age
- low socioeconomic status
OR
- relationship satisfaction (intimacy)
- quality of alternatives
- investment
22
Q
What are the components of the investments model of commitment?
A
- relationship satisfaction
- quality of alternatives
- investment
23
Q
The different types of attachment and what they are
A
- secure: comfortable with intimacy, want to be close to others
- anxious-ambivalent: excessive closeness during threat, constant worries about relationship
- anxious-avoidant: prefers distance, hates intimacy, dismissive and detaches during threat.
24
Q
When are people most likely to stereotype according to social identity theory?
A
- when their own self esteem is threatened.
25
Give examples of:
Stereotypes
Prejudice
Discrimination
(In one context)
- belief - brown people are all mean
- attitude - I don’t like aakash, and he’s brown, so he just be mean
- behavior: not giving service to brown people because you think they’re mean
26
What is modern racism and how is it different from traditional racism?
- modern racism is not as obvious and expressed often in publicly acceptable ways, whereas traditional racism is use of blatant discriminatory words and actions against a group of individuals.
27
Main takeaway from Gaertner and Dovido study? (Intercom, black, white, group, individual)
- white pps told they would interact with 1 person or group
- all were seated in individual rooms and spoke through intercom system
- suddenly one person had medical emergency, was either black or white
- most helped when it was 1 person, but most help the white victim not black victim.
- takeaway: if you don’t help, clearly racist when it’s individual, but in group, it because there are others there who will.
28
What is the minimal group paradigm?
- researchers creating groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria to see if they can get people to develop intergroup bias as a result.
- they found that people tend to prefer their in group, even when these group distinctions were meaningless, eg people are more interested in maximizing relative gain for members of in group that maximum absolute gain for in group
29
Do people tend to want relative gain or absolute gain?
- relative gain for their in group is prioritized over absolute gain for in group.
30
What is realistic group conflict theory?
- when groups compete for limited resources, these groups face conflict, prejudice and discrimination
31
The belief that women need to be protected is an example of what?
- benevolent sexism
32
What happened to black students’ self esteem when they thought a white observer was watching them? What about when they were not watching them? (Crocker 1991)
- less likely to experience changes in their self esteem hen they received positive feedback
- self esteem was similarly protected when negative feedback was given
33
What happens when we think of people in our outgroup vs in group in terms of similarity?
- people in the outgroup are all the same, but people in our in group are all different
- eg: outgroup would be thought of as mean, but then we recognize the differences in our in group better than our outgroup.
34
How can we foster cohesion during intergroup conflict?
- by forcing groups to work together and depend on each other.
35
How to prevent groupthink?
- impartial leaders
- group members seeking divergent opinions
- creating subgroups that meet separately beforehand
- anonymous ballots
36
Who makes better decisions: groups, or individuals, and under what circumstances?
- in situations where problem has precise factual answer, groups make better decisions
37
Aim of the Halloween mayhem study
Findings of the study
- to find out wether deindividuation would affect behavior
- found that children who were not asked their names led to stealing of more candy than children who were not asked their names.
38
When do we perform better in front of others? When do we perform worse? Explain
- (social facilitation)
- when we are skilled at sm, we perform better in front of others, but if we are not skilled in sm, we perform worse than others.
39
Spotlight effect
Give an example
- when people think that their own appearance and behaviors are being scrutinized by others all the time, but they are not.
40
What is social loafing?
When people exert less effort when working in a group compared to when they work alone - when they feel less accountable for an outcome in a group setting.
41
What was the purpose of the study where pps drew an E on their forehead? What were the findings?
- the pps were primed with power/powerless
- when feeling powerful, pps less likely to draw a reversed E on their forehead so that it wa easy for another person to read
- purpose was to examine perspective taking and self awareness in social interactions
42
What is group polarization?
- group decisions tend to be more extreme than those made by individuals - people are more inclined to go in the direction that are already inclined to go.
43
When is suicide baiting more likely to occur?
- greater anonymity
- more likely at night
- greater distance between crowd and individual
- large group size
44
Situational determinants of aggression
Hot weather
Media and video games
Weapon presence
Social rejection
Income inequality
45
What is inclusive fitness and what is an example of when this occurs?
Behavior of parental care help offspring survive, which increases inclusive fitness
- looking out for ourselves and our offspring, and our close relatives so we can survive to pass on genes to future generations
Eg: parents protect child from harmful behavior, child survives long enough to pass on genes to their own offspring
46
Difference between hostile and instrumental aggression? When do each of these occur?
Hostile aggression: motivated by anger - genuinely wanting to hurt the other person
Instrumental aggression: motivated by sm else - wanting attention, acquire resources etc.
47
Dehumanization
Tendency to attribute non human characteristics to outgroup members
48
According to culture of honor, what region of people are most easily insulted in the US?
- the South - hypersensitivity to insults, and a strong concern for their reputation makes them more easily insulted.
49
What happened to after northern and southern men were bumped and insulted in the study?
- Once insulted, Sotuhern males show more:
- angry facial expressions
- firmer grip
- severe spikes in testosterone
- more likely to be aggressive
- are more sensitive to insults.
50
What is the precarious manhood hypothesis?
- it suggests that competition status contests violence, economic conditions make male identities more
- elusive
- tenuous
And a perceived threat to identity leads to taking public action to prove masculinity.
- so a male identity is more important to men, and they may resort to aggressive behavior to prove their masculinity.
51
How can we reduce anger when we feel it? (Ask)
- imagining the act of forgiveness reduces cortisol
- actual apologizing and forgiving
- restorative justice system
52
Results of the weapons and anger study? (Ask)
- for the badminton racket, there were 0 shocks when there was no anger, but fewer shocks than Guns when there was anger.
- guns showed a few shocks even when there was no anger, and more shocks than rackets when there was anger.
53
What is the relationship between complexity of reasoning and conflict resolution? (Ask)
- for crises that resulted in war, complexity of rhetoric was higher in the preliminary phase than in the climax phase, but for crises that was solved peacefully, the complexity of rhetoric was higher in the climax phase than in the preliminary phase.
54
Why does group polarization occur?
- persuasive arguments account - you hear of new ideas with other people - they strengthen your original opinion.
- social comparison account: if decision calls for a risky choice, you wanna think you were slightly riskier than the average person.
55
What is the idea behind the prisoner’s dilemma game? Is it better to cooperate or defect?
- it is better to cooperate to maximize long term payoffs.
- 2 prisoners arrested
- police suspect that they have committed a far worse crime than they were arrested for, but need a confession
- if both stay quiet, both get short sentences
- if one confesses, the one who confesses goes free but other one gets very long sentence
- if both confess, they get a medium sentence.
56
What were the findings of the intercom study (Darley & Latane, 1968)? *This is the study where the confederate had a seizure.
- if only one person was present, 85% left to go help
- if 2 people present, 62% left to go help
- if 5 people present, 31% left to go help.
Overall conclusion: the more people present, the less likely that someone will go help.
57
How does pluralistic ignorance effect behavior during an emergency?
Pps around others construe things as normal, so less likely to take action in any given situation, because of pluralistic ignorance.
58
What effects did renaming the Prisoner’s Dilemma have on cooperative behavior?
- being told the ‘community game’ vs the ‘Wall Street game’
- Community game maximized pps joint outcomes through cooperation, twice as likely to cooperate.
- Wall Street game maximized their own profits.
59
What is empathic concern? How is it different from other types of prosocial behaviors?
- the emotional response to help someone when you see them in need
- different because it is more likely to happen if people are religiously/ethically primed. (Ask)
60
What does evolutionary theory say about helping non-family members?
- less likely to help non family members, more likely for kin selection to occur, so more likely to help those more closely related to you, then everyone else.
61
Why does ambiguity impact helping behavior?
- if a situation is more ambiguous, then people are less likely to help vs if it was a more clear situation.
62
Why do people in rural areas engage in more helping behaviors than people in urban areas?
1. Less people around, less likely for bystander effect to take place
2. More of everyone knows everyone, more likely to identify with person that needs help
3. Stimulus overload: less things going on, so more likely to pay attention to what’s going on.
63
What has research shown about the amount of money donated by low social-class individuals vs high social-class individuals?
- more money donated by lower class people than higher class people, as
1. Fewer resources, important to build stronger relationships
2. They identify more with people who have less, more similar = more helping.
64
What behaviors are unlikely to prompt help? (ASK)
- ambiguity
- number of people present
- wether you’re busy
65
Burger Milgram replication (procedure, findings, conclusion)
- Procedure: same procedure as Milgram, but in 3 diff conditions: Base, modeled resistance and conditions combined. Empathic concern also measured by personality scales
- results: 70% of people still went above the 150 volt threshold, but even it modeled resistance was shown, obedience was the same.
Conclusion: people obey the same way they did when the original Milgram experiment happened
66
Prentice and Miller (pluralistic ignorance and alcohol)
- students tend to overestimate their peers’ comfort with alcohol compared to themselves
- women did not shift their attitude to what they thought was the norm, but male students did.
67
Fraley and Roisman attachment study main lessons learned
- adult attachment has its origins in early care giving experiences, those associations are weak and inconsistent across measurement domains
- attachment styles are more malleable in childhood than adulthood
- early experiences do not determine adult outcomes
- future research requires examining relationship specific attachment patterns, distal and proximal factors, interactions between relationships and genetic vulnerabilities.
68
Fein and Spencer - prejudice as self image maintenance
- people were more likely to stereotype someone from an outgroup if their self esteem had been threatened first, compared to if they had their self esteem affirmed.
- pps originally told that this was a study of values and they circled values that were most important to them
69
Krosch and Amado how economic scarcity influencers racial perceptions
- higher scarcity heightened perception of racial differences, made people perceive mixed race people as ‘more black’ when people were shown faces.
70
Halloween Mayhem study aim, results
- to examine effects on deindividiuation on stealing behaviour in children
- children asked their names were much less likely to steal than children who were not asked their name
so higher deindividuation lead to more stealing.
71
Galinsky draw an E on your forehead study
- people primed with power were less likely to take others perspectives (drew an E so they could see it), whereas those primed with no power drew it so that other people would see it.
72
Adachi et al video game
- competitiveness in video games is what increased aggression rather than violence itself
73
Kraus, Piff, Chang et al social class and giving
- lower class tend to give away more to charity than the upper class
- lower class engage in more pro-social trust behaviour, and helping behaviour.
PSYC 201
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