Finally Flashcards by Dimple saravanan

Most common nerve damaged in leg

Common Peroneal nerve

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Femoral triangle base is formed by

Inguinal ligament

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Medial compatment of thigh is supplied by

Obturator nerve

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First web space of foot is supplied by

Deep peroneal nerve

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Neural crest cell migration is due to

Hyaluronic acid

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Derivative of ultimobranchial body

Parafollicular C cells

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Tumor from rathkes pouch

Craniopharyngioma

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Coracoid process of the scapula

Atavistic epiphysis

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Component of carpal tunnel

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Median nerve

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Which structure passes through guyons canal?

Ulnar nerve

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Cup and pencil appearance seen in

Psoriasis

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Triple bubble sign seen in

Jejunal atresia

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Snow flake or snow storm cataract

Diabetes mellitus/down’s syndrome

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Muscle biceps brachii inserts into

Radial tuberosity

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Length of collecting duct

20mm

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Cell of stomach - G cell secretes

Gastrin

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Largest protein in the body

Titin

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Stave cells are seen in

Spleen

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Pouch of Douglas - location

Between rectum and uterus

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Vitamin having antioxidants property

Vitamin E

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What are the rate limiting enzyme in urea cycle pathway?

CPS 1

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Other name for vit B12

Cyanocobalamin

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Treatment of alopecia in Male

Minoxidil

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Doc for motion sickness

Hyoscine

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DOC for malignant hyperthermia

Dantrolene

Drug for malignant prostrate carcinoma

Bicalutamide/flutamide

Doc for hypertensive emergency

Nicardipine

Orange colour urine and flu like syndrome is due to the side effect of which drug

Rifampicin(antitubercular drug)

Largest gene

Dystrophin

Cat eye syndrome

Partial trisomy of chromosome 22

Connective tissue metaplasia

Myosotis ossificans

Severe generalised edema

Anasarca

N-MYC

Neuroblastoma

Short arm of chromosome 6

MHC

Common site of gastric carcinoma

Pylorus and antrum

Common site of peptic ulcer

1st part of duodenum

Characteristics of diabetic neuropathy

Kimmelstiel Wilson lesion

Fungal cell wall is made up of

Chitin

Culture media for nessieria gonorrhoea

Thayer Martin medium

Negri bodies

Rabies

Cellulitis is caused by

Streptococcus

Falling leaf motility

Giardia

Bacteria which is kidney shape

Gonnococci

Ig present in breast milk

IgA

Hara -Kiri is suicide by stabbing in

Abdomen

Sexual asphyxia is associated with

Masochism and transvestism

Which test in used in death due to drowning

Getters test

Study of footprint

Podogram

8th day disease

Tetanus neonatorum

Q fever is caused by

Coxiella Burnetii

1994 epidemic in India

Plague

Yaws is caused by

Treponema pertenue

Koplik spots are the diagnosis of

Measles (upper second molar)

Doc for lymphogranuloma venereum

Doxycycline

Mc complaint of IUD Insertion

Bleeding

Normal iq

70 and over

Biomedical waste of colour code black/white translucent

Sharp waste,solid waste

Category 3 - code green

Ambulatory / low minor injuries ;non life threating

Category 4 - black

Dead ; moridund ;least priority

Underweight bmi

<18.5kg/meter square

Strongest layer of GIT

Submucosal layer

Most common causes of prosthetic valve endocarditis

CONS

Most common causes of Hemoptysis

Pulmonary TB

Most common causes of hematemesis

PUD

RBC CAST is present in

Acute glomerulonephritis

Ebstein anomaly

Box shaped heart

TOF

Boot shaped heart

Significance of P wave

Atrial depolarization

DOC For herpes simplex encephalitis

Acyclovir

CNS bleed in boxers

Subdural haemorrhage

Partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli

103mmHg

Thalassemia

Autosomal recessive

Most common causes of mitral stenosis

Rheumatic fever

Pan systolic murmur

MR,VSD,TR

CT finding in subdural hematoma

Concavo-convex bleed hyperdensity

Cushing syndrome

Increased cortisol

Nosocomial pneumonia

Staph aureus

RBC cast seen in

Acute glomerulonephritis

Tumor marker of prostate cancer

Androgen

Tumor marker for lung cancer

Radon gas

Tumor marker for liver cancer (angiosarcoma)

Vinyl chloride

What is MC organism ,Rx,IOC of masititis

Staph aureus,modified Hilton’s method,USG

Most common site for polamazia

Axilla

Saints triad

Gallstones,hiatus hernia,diverticulitis

Lymph nodes involved in CA penis

Inguinal nodes

Wolff chaikoff effect

Iodine induced hypothyroidism

Mc site of thyroglossal cyst

Sub hyoid

Mc intracranial aneurysm

Berry aneurysm

Staging in medulloblastoma

Chang staging

Mc tumor of the brain

Metastatic/secondary

Mc spinal tumor

Metastatic

Dumbell lesion describe

Neurofibroma

Mc cause of erectile dysfunction

Vasogenic

Mc surgery performed on males

Circumsion

Most common tumor of appendix

Carcinoid

Mcc of upper GI bleeding

Peptic ulcer

MCC of ureteric obstruction

Stone

Strawberry gingivitis

Wegeners granulomatosis

Mc childhood tumor

Leukemia

Mc injury to the thoracic cage in children

Rib fracture

Mc type of primary liver cancer

Hepatoma

7 months infant development

Palmar grasp ,stranger anxiety

Fulminant hepatitis in pregnancy Mcc by

HEV

Most imp muscle for pelvic floor

Levator ani

pH of vagina in adult women

4 -5.5

1st polar body releases at

Ovulation

Footling breech with hyperextended neck

Stargazer baby

Mc type of breech

Frank breech

Mcc of 1 PPH

Uterine atony

Mcc of 2*PPH

Retained placental tissue

Syntometrine

Oxytocin + methergine

Doc for eclampsia

Mgso4

Imp vessel and their rements -ductus venosus

Ligamentum venosum

At 12 week -fundal height land mark

Pubic symphysis

Ovarian tumor and their HPE finding -clear cell tumor

Hobnail cell

Auricle is derived from which branchial arch

1 and 2

Moderately severe hearing loss

56-70dB

Best treatment for polp

FESS

Flask shaped femora seen in

Thalassemia

Cxr of TOF

Cor-en-sabot

Half life of phosphorus -32

14.3

Radiological sign - spider leg appearance

Polycystic kidney

Pencil tip or bird beak tapering

Achalasia cardia

Most common type of VSD

Perimembraneous

IOC for acute pancreatitis

CECT

Double duct sign is seen in

Periampulary carcinoma

Cotton wool skull seen in

Pagets disease

Hot cross bun skull seen in

Congenital syphilis

Celery stalk appearance

Congenital rubella

Bone most commonly involved in osteoarthritis

Patella

Golf hole ureter

TB bladder

Coffee bean sign

Sigmoid volvulus

Thumb print sign

Ischemic colitis

Golden s sign is seen in

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Water lily sign or camalote sign

Hydatid lung

Most common side effect of lithium

Tremor

Doc for acute mania

Lithium

Most common EPS

Akathisia

Most common cause of impotency in Male

Psychogenic

Psychosis occur in

Pregnancy,postpartum,epilepsy

Common organic disorder

Delirium

Treatment of choice for phobia

Behaviour therapy

Mc form of pica

Geophagia

Fear of death most commonly at age of

5 years

Mc psychiatric illness

Anxiety

Which is nt seen in schizophrenia

Dementia

Drug not useful for induction in infants

Morphine

Diazepam causes

Retrograde amnesia

Plane warts are seen in which disease

Verruca plana

What is seen in scarlet fever

Pistia line

Barbers itch

Syncosis barbae

Doc for donovanosis

Azithromycin

Most commonly involved nerve in leprosy

Ulnar nerve

Half and half nail sign is seen in

Uremia

Koilonychia

Seen in iron deficiency anemia

Satellite lesions are seen in

Mc presentation of contact dermatitis

Hand eczema

Mc site of impetigo

Face

Mc type of warts

Verruca vulgaris/common warts

Infection due to pox virus

Molluscum contagiousum

Painful lesions seen in

Herpes infection

Mc cause of impetigo

Staph aureus

Which skin inf has bad prognosis

P.vulgaris

Useful in diagnosis of herpes lesion (HSV/VZV multinuceate giant cells)

Tzanck smear

Normal skin turnover

4-5 weeks

Average weight of skin

App 4kg

Watery eye discharge

Viral conjunctivitis

Mc causes of red eye

Conjunctivitis

Mc etiology of visual loss in patients with diabetes mellitus

Macular edema

Mc cause of blindness in developed world

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Instrument used to measure corneal thickness

Patchy meter

Side effect of topical steroid

Glaucoma

Jack in a box is seen in

Aphakia

Cricket ball injury to eye does not lead to

Hypopyon

Interstitial keratitis is seen in

Syphillis

Loss of eye lashes/eye brows

Madarosis

Eye sign seen in Wilson disease

Sunflower cataract

Toc for paralytic squint

Surgery

Corneal transparency is maintained by

Descendents membrane

Horners syndrome

Triad of miosis,ipsilateral PTosis,anhydrosis

Acuity for distant vision is tested by

Snellen chart

Sign for superior oblique palsy

Bielschowsky sign

CRAO

cattle truck appearance of renal veins,cherry red spots

Lens is developed from which embryonic structure

Surface ectoderm

Normal cup-disc ratio

1:3

Anterior lenticonus

Alport syndrome

Sun burst appearance

Osteosarcoma

Sailors gait

Occurs in bilateral CDH

Trendelenburg gait

Occurs in unstable hip due to CDH,gluteus medius weakness

Patchy calcification

Chondrosarcoma

Fracture of calcaneum

Bohlers angle

Radiological sign of Shentons hip

Hip X-ray

Important classification for fracture neck of the femur

Pauwels classification

Test for AcL injury

Lachman test

Signs of Common peroneal injury

Foot drop

Test for testing the pantency of radial and ulnar arteries

Allen’s test

Signs of ulnar nerve injury

Claw hand

Test for tennis elbow

Cozens test

Splint which is fracture femur (anywhere from neck to supracondylar region)

Bohler Braun splint

Brachial plexus injury

Aeroplane splint

Isolated fracture of iliac wing

Duverney fracture

Bimalleolar fracture of the ankle

Potts fracture

Nerve involved in ant.shoulder dislocation

Axillary nerve

Radial nerve palsy

Cock up splint

Scaphoid is treated by

Glass holding cast

K wire is used for

Cerclage and forearm bone fixation

Mc cause of stridor in infant is

Laryngomalacia

Most common Fungal infection of oral cavity

Moniliasis

Mc benign lesion of ear

Actinic keratosis

Mc tumor of paranasal sinuses

Osteoma

Most common site of epistaxis

Little area

Most common sinusitis in children

Ethmoidal

Narrowest portion of larynx in adult

Glottis

Signs seen in glomus tumor(glomus jugulare)

Phelps sign

3Ds of gradenigos syndrome

Diplopia Deep pain Discharge

Signs seen in carotid body tumor

Lyre sign

Cauliflower ear

Hamartoma of auricle

Signs seen in menieres disease

Hennebert sign

Mcc of sensorineural hearing loss

Presbycusis

Mc malignant germ cell tumor

Dysgerminoma

Nerve supplying cornea

Trigeminal nerve

Weight of brain

Male : 1.4kg | Female : 1.27kg

Most frequently fractured bone of body

Clavicle

Labourer’s nerve/eye of the hand

Median nerve

Klumpke’s paralysis

Damage to C8 and T1

Most frequently dislocated carpal bone

Lunate

Nerve supply of deltoid

Axillary nerve

Police man tip hand / porters tip hand

Erbs paralysis

Test which is done to check gluteus medius and minimus

Trendenlenburg test

Parotid gland duct

Stensen’s duct

Submandibular gland duct

Wharton’s duct

Muscle of horror

Plastysma

Muscle which is known as peripheral heart

Soleus

Broca’s area located in

Inferior frontal gyrus

Dermatome of thumb

Muscles that initiates adduction of arm

Supraspinatus

Nerve injury with fracture of shaft of humerus

Radial

Magandie foramen drains CSF from

4th ventricle

Largest branch of brachial plexus

Radial nerve

Largest branches of lumbar plexus

Femoral nerve

Infection of CNS spreads in inner ear through

Cochlear aqueduct

Cephalic veins drain into

Axillary vein

Triceps surae nerve is

Gastroc soleus

Nerve root value of sciatic nerve

L4,5 and S1,2,3

Azygos lobe is a part of this organ

Lung

Kochs triangle is a part of which node

AV node

Cisterna chyli is situated in

Abdomen

Muscle of grinning

Risorius muscle

Smallest cranial nerve

Trochlear nerve

Right lung has how many loves

3 lobe

What attaches the cusps of valve to the papillary muscles in the heart?

Chordae tendineae

Kidney - weight

130 - 160 gram

Length of Fallopian tube

10-12cm

Most frequently fractured carpal bone

Scaphoid

Ligament which support the talus

Spring ligament

Gerlach tonsil also called

Tubal tonsil

Artery of embryonic foregut

Celiac artery

Broad ligament of uterus is comprised of

1) mesosalpinx 2) mesovarium 3) mesometrium

Muscle are innervated by the axillary nerve

Deltoid and teres minor

Ovarian artery is a branch of

Abdominal aorta

Base of the heart is formed by

Left atrium

Inferior vena cava is at a level of

L5 level

Most common fracture of humerus

Supracondylar fracture

Longest intracranial course

Trochlear nerve CN 4

Left adrenal gland is

cresentic /semilunar

Xiphoid process is at a level of

Bifurcation of abdominal aorta

Thyroid cartilage

Floating ribs

11-12

Strongest,shortest and widest rib

1 rib

Nerves involved in biceps jerk

Musculocutaneous

Nerves involved in triceps reflex/jerk

Radial

Most common site of prostate cancer

Posterior lobe

4 types of mechanoreceptors

1) meissners corpuscles 2) merkels cell(slow adapting) 3) ruffini corpuscles(slow adapting) 4) pacinian corpuscles ( rapidly adapting )

In cell and cell membrane protein lipid ratio

2:1

Which nociceptors are activated by skin temperature above 42 C or severe cold

Thermal nociceptors

Order of cell cycle

G1–>S—>G2–>M—>G1—>G0

Amplitude is due to

RMP is due to

Potassium

Synthesis of protein occurs in

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Equilibrium potential of ion is calculated by

Nernst equation

RBC membrane is especially having

Spectrin(maintains integrity) and glycoproteins

Volatile acid in plasma is buffered by

Hemoglobin

Surfactant is produced by

Type 2 cells (granular pneumocytes)

Vitamin D form found in skin

7-dehydrocholestrol

Heart rate if purkinje fibers became the pacemaker of the heart

15-40bpm

Mean systolic filling pressure

7mmHg

Normal PH of blood

7.35 - 7.45

Life span of normal RBC

120 days

Normal GFR as adult value is reached at

2 years

Structure with the slowest rate of conduction of the cardiac action potential

AV bundle

Neurotransmitter of purine

Adenosine | ATP

Radioiodine injection

Hyperthyroidism will show an increase uptake

Cells of stomach

``` G Cell secretes I Cell secretes S cell secretes D cell secretes Parietal cell secretes Chief cells secretes ```

S cell secretes

Secretin

Teeth grinding is seen in which stage of sleep

NREM 2

Which fatty acid decrease transition temperature and increase fluidity

Unsaturated

Best test for sleep disorder

Polysomnography

Length of proximal convoluted tubule

15mm

Alpha cells of pancreas secretes

Glucagon

Starch is hydrolyzed in mouth by

Ptylin

Drug of choice for cardiogenic shock

Dobutamine

Doc for beta blocker poisoning

Glucagon

Which drug is contraindicated throughout pregnancy

Streptomycin

Longest acting beta blocker

Nadolol

Most widely used beta blocker for congestive heart failure

Carvediol

Side effect of zonisamide

Renal stone

Anti muscarinic drugs

1) atropine 2) scopolamine 3) homatropine 4) cyclopentolate 5) tropicamide

Duration of effect of atropine

7-10 days

First line of drug for multiple myeloma

Melphalan

Doc for acute severe asthma

Salbutamol

Doc for morning sickness

Doxylamine

Doc for anaphylactic shock

Adrenaline

Doc for hypertensive emergency in pregnancy

Labetalol

Oral doc for scabies

Ivermectin

Doc for alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Benzodiazepine

Doc for atrial fibrillation

Digitalis (digoxin , digitoxin)

Side effect of anti tubercular drug isoniazid

Peripheral neuropathy(due to vit b6 deficiency )

Trisomy 13

Patau syndrome

Mc urinary bladder CA

Transitional cell CA

Von gierkes disease is due to

G-6-P deficiency

Muscle phosphorylase deficiency

Mc ardles disease

Beta glucocerebrosidase deficiency

Gaucher disease

Most important apoprotien in HDL

Apo A-1

Denovo synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the

Cystosol

Refsum disease is due to the deficiency of

Phytanic alpha oxidase

The metabolic disorder of purine metabolism

Gout

Maximum cholestrol content

LDL

Net ATP produced in aerobic glycolysis

7ATP

Fluoroacetate inhibits a onu tase enzyme

Noncompetitive reaction

Menkes disease occurs due to

Deficiency of copper

Hyperammonemia type 1 is due to deficiency of this enzyme

Ornithine transcarbamylase

Smallest and simplest amino acid

Glycine

Keshan disease is due to the deficiency of

Selenium

Precursor of all spingolipids

Ceramide

Which amino acid is a phenol

Tyrosine

Which test is used to determine whether a gene is expressed

Northern blotting

Gluconeogenesis is inhibited by

Insulin

Complete HGPRT deficiency causes

Lesch - nyhan syndrome

DNA ligase and primase are used in

DNA replication

Alzheimer’s ,cystic fibrosis and prion diseases occurs due to

Protein misfolding

Enzyme required for demethylation

Phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase

Proline and glycine have the least tendency to form

Alpha helix

Simple globular protein are

Albumin and globulin

Maple syrup urine disease is deficiency of branched chain

Alpha keto acid dehydrogenase

Which vit intoxication leads to demineralisation of bone,hypercalecemia,hyperostosis

Vit A

Niacin sparing amino acid

Tryptophan

Which bases are purine

Adenine and guanine

Which enzyme is def in severe combined immunodeficiency disease(SCID)?

Adenosine deaminase

Which type of collagen makes the basement membrane?

Type -4

Which enzyme is deficient in essential fructosuria

Fructokinase

Hunter syndrome

Iduronate 2 sulfatase deficiency

Gaucher’s disease

Glucocerebrosidase deficiency

Tay Sachs

Hexosaminodase A deficiency

GLUT 3 receptor are located in which tissue and its function

Location : Brain ,kidney ,placenta | Function :glucose uptake

Other name for vit b6

Pyridoxine

Inborn error of metabolism (swimming pool)

Hawkinsinuria

Mc type of porphyria

Porphyria cutanea tarda

Mc acute porphyria

Acute intermittent porphyria

Physiological anatagonism of histamine

Adrenaline

Doc for diabetic diarrhea

Clonidine

Clinical trial to assess safety and non toxicity

Phase 1

Doc for atropine poisoning

Physostigmine

Organophosphate poisoning

Oximes

Treatment for narcolepsy

Modafinil

Earliest appearance adverse effect of digitalis

Nausea and vomiting

Oral mannitol side effect

Osmotic diarrhea

Doc benign prostatic hypertrophy

Silodosin

MoA of hyoscine

M3 blocker

Recently approved myocardial calcium sensitizer

Levosimendan

Ranolazine is recently approved for

Angina

Gender specific side effect of valproate

PCOS

Long acting somatostatin

Octreotide

First line of drug for chronic myeloid leukemia

Imatinib

Renal stone and weight loss are the side effect of which drug

Topiramate

Side effects of 6 mercaptourine

Hepatotoxicity

Doc for carcinoma pancreas

Gemcitabine

Doc choriocarcinoma

Methotrexate

Doc for glioma

Nitrosourea

Doc for liver fluke

Triclabendazole

Doc for Chagas’ disease

Benznidazole

Doc for candida

Fluconazole

Doc for supraventricular tachycardia

Verapamil

Doc for cerebral malaria

Artesunate

Doc for torsades de pointes

Doc for Alzheimer’s disorder

Galantamine/rivastigmine/donepezil

Side effect of chloramphenicol (antimicrobial drug)

Bone marrow suppression and grey baby syndrome

Sideeffect of clindamycin (antimicrobial drug)

Pseudomembranous colitis

Side effect of erythromycin estolate (antimicrobial drug)

Cholestasis

Side effect of cycloserine(antituberculin drug)

Psychotic symptoms

Antiplatelet drugs for target of inhibition of TXA2 (thromboxane A2) release

Aspirin

Antiplatelet drugs which inhibits TXA2 receptor blocker

Teruteoban

Antiplatelet drugs which inhibit thrombin

Atopaxar and vorapaxar

Which hypolipidmic drug inhibits HMG -CoA reductase inhibitor

Statins (simvastatin ,rosuvastatin)

Which hypolipidemic drugs is used in mechanism of inhibition cholestrol absorption

Ezetimibe

Oral hypoglycaemic drugs

1) biguanides 2) alpha -glucosidase 3) dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors 4) insulin secreta gogues - sulfonylureas ,non sulfonylureas 5) SLGT2 inhibitors 6) Thiazolidinediones 7) GLP -1 agonists 8) amylin analogue

Mechanism of action of mipomersen

Apolipoprotien B 100 synthesis inhibitors

Most common mediastinal tumor

Thymoma(anterior mediastinum)

Most common source of brain metastasis

Lung

India ink is used for diagnosing

Cryptococcus neoformans

Trisomy 21

Down syndrome

Pregnancy tumor of gums

Granuloma pyogenicum

HPE finding of type 4 lupus nephritis

Wire loop lesion

Coast of California sign is seen in

Neurofibromas

Bear paw sign is seen in

Xanthogranulomatus pyelonephritis

Most common cell injury

Hypoxia

Most common cause of hypoxia

Ischemia

Cytochrome C plays an important role in

Apoptosis

Barrett’s esophagus is an example of

Metaplasia

What type of Necrosis is used in TB

Caseous necrosis

Most common site for metastatic calcification

Lungs

Hall mark of acute inflammation

Increased vascular permeability

Rolling of neutrophils done by

Selectins

Most imp chemical mediator of acute inflammation

Histamine

Most common type of inflammation

Catarrhal inflammation

Monocytes and macrophages are the primary leukocytes in

Chronic inflammation

Virchow triad

Endothelial/vascular injury + alteration of blood flow(stasis or turbulence )+hypercoagulability

Most common inherited cause of hypercoagulability

Leiden mutation (factor 5 mutation)

Most common site for DVT

Deep vein below the knees

Most common death in Marfan syndrome

Aortic dissection

Essential amino acid in PKU

Tyrosine

The chief cell responsible for scar contraction

Myofibroblast

Heart failure cells seen in

Lungs

Fibrin is Degraded by

Plasmin

Most common source of embolism

DVT (deep vein thrombosis )

In inflammation Rubor is due to

Arteriolar dilatation

Which cells primarily involved in acute inflammation

Neutrophils

Cel mateix adhesion is mediated by

Integrins

Phagocytic cells in brain (CNS)

Microglia

Which syndrome is a defect of phagocytosis and associated with mutation in lyst gene

Chediak -Higashi syndrome(AR syndrome)

Giant cells seen in measles are

Warthin finkeldey

Reed stern berg cells seen in

Hodgkins lymphoma

Triplet repeat of CCG nucleotides are seen in

Fragile X syndrome

Diagnosis of choice for fragile X syndrome

PCR

White spots on the iris known as brushfield spots seen in

Down syndrome

Autosomal congenital disorder mostly mutation in genes on chromosome 12

Noonan syndrome

Absent in normal males and turners syndrome Bt female has 1 Barr body

Barr bodies

Hallmark of malignant transformation

Anaplasia

Abnormal differentiation in normal site

Hamartoma

The main mediator that propels that cell beyond prophase is

Cyclin B CDK1 complex

Police man of abdominal cavity

Greater omentum

What is associated with conflict model in carcinogenesis

MYC

Benign tumor developing from all there germ layers

Teratoma

H-RAS

Bladder and kidney Tumors

Which gene in present on chromosome 13q14

Rb gene

The non mutated P53 Gene is also called

Wild type

Which translocation is seen in 4% case of Down syndrome

Robertsonian transocation

Test used for screening of Down syndrome at 15-20 weeks of pregnancy

Triple test and quadruple screen test

Change in the class of the antibody produced by the plasma cell

Isotope switching

Which molecule is present on all APCs (antigen presenting cells)

MHC 2

Artery not involved in artherosclerosis

Pulmonary trunk

Most common cause of aortic aneurysm

Atherosclerosis

Tree bark classification is seen in

Syphilitic aneurysm

Pulseless disease is

Takayasu arteritis

Kaposis sarcoma is associated with

HHV -8

Most common cause of constructive pericarditis

Gitter cells are

Microglia

Characteristic pathological features of Parkinsonism

Lewy bodies

Most common causes of intracerebral (intraparenchymal )haemorrhage

Hypertension

Most common cerebellar tumor in children and intramedullary tumor

Astroctyoma

MEN 1

Werner’s syndrome

MEN 2A

Sipples syndrome

Most common thyroid carcinoma

Papillary carcinoma

Tadpole cells are seen in

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Brown tumor of the bone is seen in

Hyperparathyroidism

Trophus is the pathognomic for

Gout

Bilateral breast cancer

Lobular carcinoma

Most common breast cancer

Invasive ductal carcinoma

Most common gene involved in breast cancer

P53

Canals of herring are present in

Liver

Onion skin fibrosis of bile duct is seen in

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Pipe stem appearance is seen in

Ulcerative colitis

Most common site of GIST

Stomach

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome

Membraneous GN

Tamm - Horsfall protein is produced by

Loop of henle

Potato nodes are seen in

Sarcoidosis

Most common lung carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Carcinoid tumors arises from

Enterochromaffin cells

Marker for squamous cell carcinoma of lung

Cytokeratin

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome

RPGN

RPGN is characterised by

Crescent formation

Mean incubation period of hep A

2 to 6 weeks

Doubling of bacteria is seen in this phase

Exponential phase

Attain temperature of 122c under 15lb/so inch pressure

Autoclaving

Most common organism causing hospital acquired wound infections/surgical wounds Most common organism implicated in osteomyelitis

Staph aureus

What is used in guthrie test

Bacillus subtilis

Uses of slide agglutination test

Used for serotyping of salmonella VDRL for syphillis

Which gas is used for fumigation of OT/labs/rooms/woolen blanket

Formaldehyde

Proteus strain are used as antigens for

Weil felix reactions

Most imp opsonising complement

C3B

Most imp chemotactic

C5a

Triad of fever ,jaundice ,renal failure

Leptospirosis

Pikes media is transport media for

Streptococcus pyogenes

Fried egg colonies

Mycoplasma

Darting motility shown by

Vibrio cholera

Swarming motility

Cl tetanus,proteus

Tumbling motility

Cl.tetani,proteus

Mcc travelers diarrhea

ETEC

Causative organism for trench fever

Bartonella quintana

Hp bodies seen in

Molluscum contagiosum

Mcc of diarrhea in infants

Rotavirus

Genital warts

Hpv6,11

Yeast like organism

Candida

Septate hyphae is seen in

Aspergillus

Only rickettsia which can be cultured is

R.quintana

Casonis tear is done in case of

Hydatid cyst

Mega esophagus is seen in

Chagas’ disease

Smallest tapeworm

Echinococcus granulosus

Not commonly seen in ascariasis

Anemia

Thayer Martin agar is for

N.meningitis

IP of chicken pox

10-21 days

Incubation period of diphtheria

2-5 days

Food poisoning 2 hrs aft intake of food

Staph aureus

Club shape -name the bacteria

Cornyebacteria

Bacteria with half moon /lens

Meningococci

Drumstick appearance will be seen in

Clostridium tetani

The vector of endemic typhus

Louse

First antibody produced by newborn

IgM

Clostridium botulinum causes

Botulism

Blood stain specific test

Hemin test

Most common type of finger print

Loops

IPC for marital rape

IPC 372A

Declaration of Malta

Hunger strikers

Best bone specimen for sex determination

Pelvis

Davidson body is sued to determine

Sex

Pearson formula is used for

Stature

Rugoscopy is study of

Palate print

Locord system is

Poroscopy

Galton’s system is used for

Dactylography

Telefono is

Beating on ears

Angel dust

Phencyclidine

Mcewans sign is seen in

Alcoholic intoxication

Lee jones test is used for

Cyanide

Odor of cyanide

Bitter almond

Rounded (horse shoe shaped)nasal openings ,orbits ,palate

Mongols

Any fracture round the foramen magnum

Ring fracture

Electrical injury produced in muscle

Zenkers degeneration

Thing or facts speak for itself

Res Ipsa loquitor

Body of offense

Corpus delicti

The child does not resemble its parents Bt it’s grand parents

Atavism

Death in fresh water

4-5 mins

Death in salt water

8-10minutes

Barberios test is used for identification of

Semen

What type of toxic is cobra and Krait

Neurotoxic

IPC section for hurt

Sec 319

Dowry death investigation is done by

Magistrate

Types of hair in animals

Ladder or lattice type and discontinuous type

Antidote for phosphorus poisoning

Copper sulfate

Antidote for organophosphorus

Atropine

Antidote for copper

Potassium Ferro ferricyanide

Extermination of organism

Eradication

Forward looking / prospective study

Cohort study

Which is cohort study

Framingham heart study

Gap between primary case and secondary case is

Serial interval

Most effective sterilizing agent

Autoclaving

What is marker for infectivity /viral replication

HBeAg

SARS is caused by

Coronary virus

Slim disease is

AIDS

Only communicable disease of man that is always fatal

Rabies

3 important MCH problem

Malnutrition Infection Unregulated fertility

Vitamin E

Tocopherols

Richest source of vitamin C

Amla (Indian gooseberry )

Paris green is a

Stomach poison

World health day

7th April

Doc cholera in pregnancy

Furazolidone

DOTS PLUS refers to

MDR TB treatment (cat 4)

Normal IQ

90 to 109

In DOTS diagnosis is based on

Sputum smears

Least priority color in triage

Black

Ambulatory patient in triage

Cat 3(green)

Blood screening before transfusion

HIV /HBV /HCV /Malaria /syphillis

Doc for avian influenza

Oseltamivir 150mg BD * 5 days

Normal distribution curve is

Bell shaped symmetric

Mc disorder to be screened in neonates

Neonatal hypothyroidism

Mcc of blindness

Cataract

Reverse smoking causes

Carcinoma of hard palate

Mcc of MMR in India

Post partum hemorrhage

Total amount of iron given during the pregnancy

1000mg

Ebola virus is spread by

Through contact of body fluids

Refrigerated breast milk can be kept for

24 hours

Toxin in epidemic dropsy is

Sanguinarine

Changes in occurance of a disease over a long period of time

Secular trend

Prevention before emergence of risk factor

Primordial

Strain for yellow fever vaccine

17D strain

Strain for measles vaccine

Edmonston strain

Causative organism for mumps

RNA myxovirus

Incubation for mumps

14 to 21 days

Respective year for national mental health programme

1987

National leprosy control program

1955

Severe MR range

21 -34

Socioeconomic class -upper

26-29

Red color indicates which biomedical waste

Micrological waste | Soiled waste and solid waste

Bmi for healthy weight

18.5 - 24.9

Most common type of headache

Tension headache

Most common type of headache in males

Cluster headache

Most common benign brain tumor

Meningioma

Pink frothy sputum is seen in

Pulmonary edema

Marker of eradication of H pylori

Urea breath test

Doc of IBD

Sulfasalazine

Pseudo -lymphoma is seen in

Sjogren syndrome

Total no of death or total number of case is called

Case fatality

Waist circumference of Europeans

Men - >94 cm (>37in) | Women ->80cm (>31.5 inch)

Most common type of seizures in adults

GTCS

Most common primary malignant brain tumor

Glioma

IOC for Addison’s disease

ACTH stimulation test

Most common causes of acute bacterial endocarditis

Staph aureus

Most common type of nephrotic syndrome in children

Minimal change disease

Investigation of choice for SLE

Ds -DNA

Earliest clinical feature of scleroderma

Raynaud’s phenomenon

Bulging fissure in CXR is seen in

Klebsiella pneumonia

Antibody incriminated causing henoch schonlein purpura

IgA

Emphysema seen due to chronic smoking

Centriacinar emphysema

Doc for enteric fever

Ceftriaxone

Antibody in goodpasture syndrome

Anti -GBM

Canon A wave is seen in

Complete heart block

Clinical findings of severe mitral stenosis

Malar flush with pinched and blue facies

Cxr finding of egg on side appearance

Transposition of great arteries

Most malignancy in HIV positive individuals

Kaposi sarcoma (70%)

Most common cause of blindness in hiv patient

CMV retinitis

Most common eye lesion in hiv patient

Cotton wool spots ,Hiv keratitis

T wave represents

Ventricular repolarization

ST segment

ISO electric segment

Late systolic murmur

MVP ,OCM

CT finding of extradural hemorrhage

Biconvex/flame shaped hyper-density

CSF normal pressure

50-180 mmH2O

CSF Protein Normal

15-45mg%

Conns

Increased aldosterone

Addisons

Decreased aldosterone

Hiv associated pneumonia

P.jiroveci

Decreased anion gap

BPH -M 1) bromide intoxication 2) plasma cell dyscrasia 3) hypoalbuminemia 4) monoclonal protein

Brood granular casts

Seen in chronic renal failure

Tumor marker for pheochromocytoma

Catecholamines

Tumor marker for lung cancer

Chromium

Tumor marker for cancer of endometrium ,liver,breast

Estrogen

Tumor marker for liver cancer

Hepatitis B or C virus

Polydactyly of limb is seen in

Laurence moon biedi

Costochrondritis,Mc involves 2nd costal cartilage

Tietze disease

b/l in breast and common in younger women

Fribrocystic duct

Breast cyst Wat are IOC ,Rx

Well defined lump USG guided FNAC Rx - USG guided aspiration

Most common tumor of the breast

Fibroadenoma

Highly mobile - breast mouse

Fibroadenoma

Bloody nipple discharge

Duct papilloma (MCC)

Milky discharge

Galactorrhea (Mcc pathologically)

IOC and Rx of duct papilloma

IOC - mammography | Rx - microdochectomy

Simple or total mastectomy

Removal of breast tissue ,nipple areola complex and skin

Maximum capacity gallbladder

50ml

Concentration of bile

5-10 times

Production of bile

40ml/hr

IOC and Rx of acute cholecystitis

IOC - HIDA scan | Rx - conservative

IOC and Rx of chronic cholecystitis

IOC -USG | Rx -laparoscopy cholecystectomy

Riglers triad

1) Small bowel obstruction 2) Gas within gall bladder and or bile ducts 3) Ectopic gallstone

Lymph node involved in CA bladder

Obturator nerve

Lymph node of CA prostate

Obturator LN

Toc for duodenal atresia and annular pancreas

Duodenoduodenostomy

Classification of CA breast

Bloom -Richardson classification

Scoring of CA prostate

Gleason score

10% of gallstones

Radioopaque

90% gallstones

Radiolucent

Staging in colorectal CA

Duke staging

Score in carcinoma of penis

Jackson score

Iodine induced hyperthyroidism comes under the effect of

Jod-basedow effect

End organ resistance to T4

Refetoff syndrome

Which fistula is never congenital

Thyroglossal cyst

Mc benign tumor of thyroid gland

Follicular adenoma

Mc type of kidney stone (85%) is

Calcium oxalate

Which stone are radio Lucent

Xanthine and Uric acid

Soft tissue calcification found in the deep renal medulla

Randall’s plaque

Which stones are common in females

Infectious stones

Stone in the upper ureter

Pain referred to testis

Acidic urine is seen in

Calcium oxalate,cystine ,uric acid

If the stone is less than 2cm treatment is

EDWL

If stone >2cm treatment is

PCNL

Commonly used preparation of mannitol

20% solution ,0.25g/kg is given IV bolus

Mc associated sign with retrosternal goiter

Pembertons sign

Mc cause of ureteric colic in hematuria

Clot

Pyonephrosis MCC is

Renal stone

Most common gas produced in intestinal obstruction

Most common gas produced in clostridial infection

H2S

Mcc of lower GI bleeding

Non specific ulcer

Mc primary renal tumor of childhood is

Wilms tumor

Mc site of aortic rupture

Ligamentum arteriosum

Mc site of fasciotomy

Calf

Mcc of leg ulcer

Venous ulcer

Strawberry cervix

Trichomonas vaginalis

Strawberry nasal mucosa

Sarcoidosis

Strawberry tongue

Kawasaki disease

Mc solid tumor of childhood

Brain tumor

Mc abdominal tumor of child

Neuroblastoma

Mc tumor of infancy

Neuroblastoma

Mc childhood leukemia

ALL

Strawberry gallbladder

Cholesterolosis

Strawberry nasal mass

Rhinosporidiosis

Mc type of RCC mainly sporadic is

Clear cell carcinoma

Mc cause of acute prostatitis

E.coli

Mc renal anomaly is

Horseshoe kidney

Mc renal tumor is

Renal cell carcinoma

Mc cause of surgical abdomen

Acute appendicitis

Mc benign tumor of small bowel is

Leimyoma

Mc small bowel malignancy of children

Lymphoma

Mc anaerobe in the colon

Bacteroides fragilis

Dermatome supplying the nipple

Dermatome supplying area of umbilicus

T10

Longest extraocular muscle

Superior oblique (7.7 cm)

Shortest extraocular muscle

Medial rectus (5.5 cm)

Nutrient artery of the femur

Branch of femoral artery —> profunda femoris artery

Artery which supplies the clavicle is called

Subscapular artery

Nutrition supply of the tibia

Posterior tibial artery

Weight of prostate gland is

15-20gram

Length of BAG -bile duct ,gallbladder and appendix

8cm

Sublingual gland has which duct

Bartholins and rivinus duct

First bone to ossify is

Clavicle bone

Ape thumb deformity

Median nerve (opponens pollicis muscle paralyzed)

Strongest ligament of the body is

Illiofemoral ligament

Longest muscle of the body

Sartorius (tailors muscle)

What are all are at the level of T4

Bifurcation of the trachea Sternal angle Begining of arch of aorta

Emergency tracheotomy at

Tracheal ring 2-3

Muscle which is not attached to apex of the orbit

Inferior oblique

DNA and centromere doubling seen in this phase

S phase

Most sensitive phase of cell cycle for radiation injury

G2 -M phase

Group of ribosomes in neurons which are utilised for protein synthesis

Nissel bodies

Site of ATP synthesis is

Mitochondria

Alveoli are mainly lined by

Type 1 cell (95% of the surface area)

Vibration sense is carried by the

Pacinian corpuscles

Best method for estimating creatinine assay

Enzyme assay

Platelets are stored at the

Room temperature

Evans dye is used to measure the

Plasma volume

Total body water is how much percentage of body weight

60-70% of the body weight

How much is ICF and ECF

2/3rd and 1/3rd

RMP of Rods and cones

-40mv

In blood brain barrier the protein content is

55%

Cell of stomach - I cell secretes

Cck

D cell secretes

Stomatostatin

Chief cell secretes

Pepsin

Location of macula dense is

DCT

Night terror is seen in which stage of NREM

3 and 4

Vitamin having only animal source

Vitamin B12

Storage form of folate is

N -methyl folate

Source of ATP in RBC cell

EMP pathway

Net ATP produced in anaerobic glycolysis

2 ATP

Cancer cell derived nutrition from

Glycolysis

Foam cells and spingomyelinase deficiency is seen in

Niemann pick disease

Which bases are pyrimidines

Cytosine Uracil Thymine

The start code AUG codes for which amino acid

Methionine

Rate limiting enzyme for pyramidine synthesis

Cps 2

Other name for VitB1

Thymine

Urine order of PKU (inborn error of metabolism)

Mousy and musty

Urine odor MSUD (inborn error of metabolism)

Maple syrup

Cps 1 defect in urea cycle causes which disease

Hyperammonemia 1

Arginase defect in urea cycle causes which disease

Hyperarginimia

Galactocerebrosidase deficiency causes

Krabbe disease

Other name for vitB3

Niacin

Funny current blocker is called

Ivabradine

Only oral inotropic drugs

Digoxin

Phase which is dealing with the microdosing

Phase 0

Phase 5 clinical trial is

Pharmacoepidemiogy

Fastest acting insulin

Insulin aspart

Number of patients in phase 2 clinical trial

20-200

What is the principle of neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junction as well as pre-ganglionic fibers

Ach

G2b /3a blocker

Abciximab

Most common adverse effect of beta 2 agonist

Tremors

DOC for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Thiazides

Doc for Dog tape worm/Echi granulosus

Albendazole

Doc for strongyloides and onchocerca

Ivermectin

Side effects of vancomycin

Red man syndrome | Nephrotoxic and ototoxic

Acrocentric chromosomes are

13,14,15,21,22,Y

Accordion sign seen in

Pseudomembraneous colitis

Location of L-selectin is in the

Leukocyte Monocytes T cell B cell

Disease which is due to the decreased oxidative burst

Chronic granulomatous disease

Location of E selection

Endothelium activated by cytokines

Removal of abnormal RBC from blood by the spleen

Culling

Removal of nuclei from old RBC’s by the spleen without destroying the cell,and the cell Send back plasma circulation

Pitting

Modified CNS macrophages

GITTRE cells

Repeated nucleotide of CTG

Myotonic dystrophy

Not a cellular adaptation is

Necrosis

H2O2 is produced as well as destroyed in

Peroxisome

Major microcirculation involved in acute inflammation

Venules

Major cells which is involved in chronic inflammation

Macrophages

Bacterial cell wall is made up of

Peptiglycan

Sporulation of bacteria is seen in which phase

Stationary phase

Which pathway is activated by IgG,IgM,immune system

Classical pathway

Daisy head appearance of the colonies on culture shown by

Cornybacterium diptheria

Most common viruses implicated in enchephalitis

Echovirus

Most common primary tumor of anterior mediastinum

Thymoma

Anti - inflammatory cytokines that are present with dominance of humoral immunity

IL 4,5,6,10

What causes SCID(severe combined immunodeficiency )

Due to lack of combined T cell ,Bcell ,NK cell

All RNA viruses are single stranded except

Reovirus

The largest virus and smallest virus

1) pox virus | 2) parvo virus

Prominent polysaccharide capsule is seen in

Crytococcus

Ig present in oral cavity is

IgA

Ig having the maximum molecular weight

IgM

Outer covering of the diatom is

Silica

Ponds fracture is commonly seen in which age group

Children

Kennedy phenomenon is seen in

Gunshot injury

Timing of floating of dead body in drowning in summer

24hrs

Trousseau sign in seen in which poisoning

Oxalic acid poisoning

White vitriol is

Zinc sulfate

Bertillon system(anthrometry )is applicable after which age

Aft 21

IPC for perjury

IPC 191

Blood alcohol level while driving

30mg%

Sea snake

Myotoxic

Father of medicine /father of epidemiologist

Hippocrates

Epidemiological triad

Agent ,host and environment

Action taken prior to onset of disease

Primary prevention

Early diagnosis and treatment

Secondary prevention

Bleaching powder

33% of available chlorine

DOTS

Directly observed treatment of short course chemotherapy

DANISH 1331 strain for

BCG vaccine

Mc causes of heart disease in 5-30years old is

Rheumatic fever

Milk is poor in

Vit C and iron

Wasted sharps biochemical waste category

Four

Beds in CHC(community health centre)

Small pox was declared eraticated on

8th May ,1980

ORS (oral rehydration solution) should be used within

24 hours

3 component score for upper middle class

16-25

Modified Kuppuswamy scale

Include 3 components 1) education status of the head 2) occupation status of the head 3) income per capita

National family planning programe

1951

Most imp step aft disaster

Chlorination of water

Amplifier host of Japanese encephalitis

Pigs

Hepatitis B vaccine is type of

Killed vaccine

Category 9 biomedical waste

Incineration ash

Sufficiency of pasteurisation is tested by

Phosphatase test

Carcinoma protected by OCPs

Ovarian carcinoma

Prevalence of blindness in India

1.1%

Strain for varicella vaccine

Oka strain

Vitamin D richest source is

Fish liver oil

Richest source of Vit A and D

Halibut liver oil

Delay btw initiation and completion of process

Lead time

Mc indirect cause of MMR

Anemia

Mc direct cause of MMR

PPH

BOAA toxin causes which disease

Lathyrism

Best test for short term control of diabetes

Serum fructosamine

Hepatitis B antigen appear in blood

HBsAg

Hepatitis B antigen which never appear in blood

HbcAg

Bmi for overweight is

25.0 to 29.9

CXR finding of coartation of aorta

3 signs

Wegners granulomatosis is diagnosed by

C-ANCA

Mottling of lung is seen in

Silicosis

Bmi of obesity 1

30-39.9

Pacemaker of the GIT

Cells of cajal

Most common causes of subacute bacterial endocarditis

Strep viridians

Most common causes of seizure in neonate

Subtle seizure

Obesity 2

35.0 -39.9

Extreme obesity

> and equal to 40

Most common type of nephrotic syndrome in adult

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

QRS

Ventricular depolarization

Most common cause of fungal infection in HIV patient

Cryptococcus neoforman

Rat tail appearance is seen in

Esophageal CA

In barium enema findings - smooth irregular filling defects

Colonic polyps

In barium enema findings -lead pipe appearance | Loss of haustration

Ulcerative colitis

In barium enema findings -string sign

Congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Cobra head sign

Ureterocele

Flower vase appearance of ureters

Horseshoe kidney

Soap bubble appearance

Hydronephrosis

Half life of gold 198

2.7 days

Iodine 131

8 days

Hilar dance on fluroscopy

ASD

Egg on side appearance seen in

TGA

Figure of 8 appearance or snowman appearance seen in

TAPVC

Half lyf of cobalt 60

5.26 years

Earliest change in thalassemia

Widened of short bone of hand

Best test avascular necrosis of bone

MRI

IOC for posterior urethral valve

VCUG

Corkscrew esophagus seen in

Diffuse esophageal spasm

Carmanns meniscus seen in

Malignant ulcer

Onion peel appearance seen in

Ewings sarcoma

IOC for bronchiectasis

HRCT

Signet ring sign is seen in

Bronchiectasis

Bat wing appearance on Cxr is seen in

Pulmonary edema

Cannon ball appearance is seen in

Lung metastasis

Pop corn calcification is seen in

Pulmonary hamartoma

IOC for aortic dissection

MRI

Champhagne glass appearance

Achondroplasia

Molten candle wax appearance seen in

Melorheostosis

Pepper pot skull in

Hyperparathyroidism

Thickness of lead jacket

0.5mm

Sign of pulmonary infarct

V/Q mismatch

Major part of the radiological hilar shadow

Pulmonary artery

Loosers zones or pseudofractures in the hallmark feature of

Osteomalacia

Money bag or leather bottle or flask shaped heart in

Pericardial effusion

In anterior segment of upper lobe is uncommon in

Secondary TB

Substance -phencyclidine (angel dust) -CF?

Dissociative anesthesia

Substance - cocaine -CF?

Magnus symptoms (cocaine bugs or tactile hallucination)

Substance - Alcohol -CF?

Mc-Evans sign | Morbid jealousy

Substance -LSD -CF?

Bad trips | Flash backs

Alcohol withdrawal appearance aft 12-24hrs

Alcoholic hallucinosis ; visual ,auditory or tactile hallucination

Alcohol withdrawal aft 24-48 hrs symptoms

Withdrawal seizures : generalised tonic clonic seizures

Site of subcortical dementia

Subcortical grey matter

Antipsychotic drugs atypicals with least weight gain

Aripiprazole

Antipsychotic drug -Atypicals with max weight gain

Clozapine

Antipsychotic drugs- atypical with least risk of EPS

Aripiprazole

Toxicity seen after

>1.5mEq/L

Therapeutic level of lithium

0.8 - 1.2 mEq/L

Doc for prophylaxis of bipolar disorder

Lithium

Most potent atypical antipsychotics

Risperidone

Most common side effect of typical antipsychotic

Extrapyramidal symptoms

Atypical antipsychotic causing corneal opacity

Chlorpromazine and thioridazine

Most common substance abused in India and worldwide

Alcohol

Mc complication of direct (modified )ECT

Fracture T4-T8 spine

Mc complication of modified ECT :

Anterograde & Retro Grade amnesia more of retrograde type

Characteristics of alcohol withdrawal

Visual hallucination

Excessive sexual drive is called

Satyrism in men | Nymphomania in female

Technique is used for T/t of impotency

Sensate focus

Most important dependency producing derivatives are

Morphine and heroine

Splitting is a defense mechanism against

BPD

Immediate and remote memory is usually retained in

Korsakoffs psychosis

Sun downing phenomenon is present in

Acute delirium

Main symptom of korsakoff psychosis

Confabulation

EPS are not seen with

Clozapine

Treatment of choice Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome

Clonidine /haloperidol

Language is normal and no delay in cognitive development

Asperger’s syndrome

Age of onset in Autism is and CF!?

<2 and half years ,there is marked impairment of language

Mc mental disorders in children

Neurosis

Concrete thinking stage

2-7 years

Which syndrome is related to jealousy (infidelity )

Othello syndrome

Delusion of gradiosity

Mania

Which is not a feature of conversion disorder

Delusion

Mc seen in organic disease

Visual hallucination

What type of hallucination is seen in chronic amphetamine poisoning

Tactile hallucination

Irresistible desire

Impulse

Overall most common type of hallucination

Auditory hallucination

Which is not a somatoform disorder

Fibromyalgia

In depression CBT does not include

Interpretation

Hypersomnia is seen in

Cocaine withdrawal

Insomnia is seen in

Alcohol withdrawal

OCD leads to

Secondary depression

Doc for manic depressive disorder

Lithium

Long term use of lithium can cause

Hypothyroidism

Drug of choice of schizophrenia

Olanzapine

Prevalence of schizophrenia

Squeeze technique is used for

Premature ejaculation

OCD related neurotransmitter

Decreased serotonin

Depression related neurotransmitter

Decreased serotonin,NA,dopamine

Not seen in schizophrenia

Intellectual impairment

Split personality seen in schizophrenia

Pseudo-community

Mapleson circuits type A is also known as

Magills circuit

Malignant hyperthermia is caused by

Ryanodine receptor

Muscle relaxant of choice in renal failure

Atracurium

Mc used method of brachial plexus block is

Supraclavicular block

Regurgitation of gastric contents causes aspiration pneumonitis

Mendelson syndrome

Longest acting NDMR

Pancuronium

Fastest acting NDMR

Rocuronium

Cyclopropane cylinder is

Orange

O2 content of anesthetic mixture

33%

Protein intake in ICU

1-1.5 g/kg/day

Whitacre and sprotte procedure is used for

Spinal anesthesia

Filiform wart

Verruca filiformis

Condyloma lata

Treponema pallidum

AMBU BAG stands for

Artificial maneuver breathing unit

Postdural puncture headache presents

12-24hrs of spinal block

Venereal warts

Condylomata accuminata

Obstruction of eccrine sweat gland ducts

Miliaria

Ectopic sebaceous glands

Fordice spot

Mc age group of fox fordyce spot

13-35years (females are affected)

Mc site of fox fordyce spot

Axilla

Diagnostic of lapromatous leprosy

Virchow cell

Primary systemic amyloidosis,EDS,scurvy

Pinch purpura

Inverted saucer shaped ulcers are seen in

Borderline leprosy

Mc route of transmission of syphillis is sexual and sometimes transmitted by

BT,transplacental

Pediculosis is caused by

Pediculosis corporis

Christmas tree/fir tree pattern seen in

Pityriasis rosea

Hallmark of atopic dermatitis in India is allergic contact dermatitis in which dennie line and monks crawl are seen

Pruritis

Bullous pemphigoid is also known as

Senile pemphigoid

What is associated with HPV 16,11

Condyloma acuminate(veneral warts)

Which preparation is used for diagnosis of tinea infection

KOH preparation

Dermatomal involvement is Seen in

Herpes zoster

Toc for anogenital warts in pregnancy

Cryotherapy /laser

Mc bacterial skin infection in children is and Wat is seen

Impetigo ,honey coloured crusts

Skin turnover period in case of psoriasis

4 days

Dermis composed of

1) collagen 2) elastic fibers 3) sweat 4) sebaceous glands

Epidermis is compared of 4 layers

1) stratum basale /germinatum 2) stratum spinosum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum corneum

Used to differentiate viral lesions of skin from pemphigus

Tranck test

For contact dermatitis (test is read aft 48hrs)

Patch test

Color on the wood lamp light for squamous cell carcinoma

Red fluorescence

Color on the wood lamp light for tinea vesicolor

Golden fluroscence

Color on the wood lamp light for porphyria cutanea tarda

Pinkish red(urine)

Color on the wood lamp light for vitiligo

Chalky white

Color on the wood lamp light for tuberous sclerosis

Ash leaf spots(blue white)

Unilateral optic nerve lesion causes

Unilateral blindness

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

Lesion in occipital cortex lesion

Lesion at optic tract and optic radiation

Homonymous hemianopia

Christmas tree cataract

Myotonic dystrophy

Morgagnian cataract

Hypermature senile cataract

Vossius ring /rosette shaped cataract

Blunt trauma

Oil drop cataract / dust like lenticular opacity

Galactosemia

Ropy discharge in

Allergic conjunctivitis

Purulent or mucopurulent discharge

Bacterial conjunctivitis

Mucopurulent discharge

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

MCC of ocular venous occlusion

Glaucoma

Mcc of proptosis in adults

Graves’ disease

Mcc of proptosis in children is

Periocular infection

Corneal curvature used instrument is

Keratometer

Mc refractory surgery

Radial keratotomy

Mc type of glaucoma is chronic open

Angle glaucoma

Mc glaucoma related surgical procedure is

Trabeculectomy

Side effects of oral steroids

Cataract

Worth 4 dot test is done for

Binocular vision

Mcc of sudden unilateral loss of vision

Optic neuritis

Sjögren’s syndrome

Aqueous deficiency

Mc ocular manifestation of measles

Vit A def

Mcc of blindness worldwide

Cataract

Mc cause of blindness in India

Cataract

Mcc of ocular morbidity and also for young

Refractive errors

Mcc of preventable blindness in children

Vit A deficiency

Tear production starts at

6months

Bluish discolouration of sclera

Osteotis deformans

Mcc of blindness in AIDS Patients

CMV retinitis

TOC for concomitant squint

Orthoptic exercises

Most common intraocular foreign bodies

Chips of iron and steel

Field defect in toxic amblyopia

Centro ceacal scotoma

Mc congenital color blindness

Green (deuteranopes)

Soft contact lenses are made up of

HEMA

Hard contact lenses and IOL lens are made up of

PMMA

Oil drop cataract

Seen in galactosemia

Thinnest at posterior pole

Lens capsule

Mc tumor of the eyelids

Basal cell carcinoma

Mc tumor of lacrimal gland

Benign mixed tumor

Mc tumor which metastasize to eye

Neuroblastoma

Mc intra orbital tumor

Cavernous hemangioma

Mc intraocular tumor

Malignant melanoma of choroid

Mc intraorbital tumor

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Most common intraocular tumor

Retinoblastoma

What is seen in Marfan syndrome

Supero temporal dislocation lens

Bread crumb appearance seen in

Complicated cataract

Most radioresistant structure in retina

Ganglion cell layer

Most common fungus infecting lids

Candida albicans

Absolutely contraindicated in keratoconus

LASIK

Leading preventable cause of blindness

Trachoma

Most common cause of viral conjunctivitis

Adenovirus

Produces high degree of hypermetropia

Aphakia

Which chart is used for colour blindness

Ishihara chart

IOT ranges from

10-20 mg

Used for the accurate determination of intraocular tension

Tonometry

Functional assessment of optic nerve is done by

Perimetry

Shows flower petal appearance of fundus

CME(cystoid macular edema)

Flame shaped hemorrhage found in

Hypertensive and arteriosclerosis retinopathy

Mutation in retinoblastoma seen in

13q14

Lower and lateral walls of orbit are derived from

Visceral mesoderm

Acuity for near vision is tested by

Jaeger type cards

Structure passing through optic foramen are

Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

Sea saw nystagmus of maddox

Found in para chiasmal lesion

Maximum refractive index is

At centre of lens 1.40

Main route of metabolism of glucose in the lens

Glycolysis

It is ratio between light peak to dark trough normally it is 1.85

Arden index

Most common side effect radiation in head and neck

Xerostomia

Most radiosensitive layer of retina

Rods and cones

Most radioresistant layer of retina

Ganglion cell layer

Cornea can be harvested

Till 6 hours after death

Orbital floor is formed by

Maxillary bone and palatine bone

Definition of blindness according to WHO

<3/60

Vossius ring in eye is due to

Blunt trauma

Titmus fly test is for

Stereopsis

Posterior lenticonus

Lowe syndrome

IOC for indirect ophthalmology

Indirect optha

Length of eyeball

24mm

Volume of orbit

30ml

Weight of eyeball

7gram

Volume of eyeball

6ml

Upper and lower lid margin fusion

Ankyloblepharon

Mc complication aft lens extraction in PHPV

Vitrous hemorrhage

Nidu /seed in cortex wt type of bone tumor

Osteoid osteoma

Onion skin appearance wt type of bone tumor

Ewing’s sarcoma

Soap bubble appearance wt type of bone tumor

Giant cell tumor /osteoclastoma

Most common organism causing acute osteomyelitis

Staph aerus

High stepping gait

Occurs in foot drop

Scissoring gait

Occurs in cp

Circumduction gait

Occurs in hemiplegia

Kites angle

Angle in CTEv

Carrying angle

Elbow

Fracture neck of the femur

Pauwels angle

Neck shaft angle

Of the femoral neck

Gowers sign

For muscular dystrophy

Pivot shift test

For ACL INJURY

Thomas test

For hip flexion deformity

Barlows test

For CDH

Allis test for

For CDH

Mc Murray’s test

For meniscus injury

Gardens

For fractures neck of femur

Gustilo for which fracture

Open fracture

Nerve supplying humerus shaft

Radial nerve

Nerve supplying medial condyl humerus

Ulnar nerve

Trimalleolar ankle fracture

Cottons fracture

Frankels line and wimberger ring seen in

Scurvy

Bone within bone appearance is seen in

Osteoporosis

Codfish veretebrae is seen in

Osteoporosis

Mc bone to fracture on face is

Nasal bone

Mc etiology of neck mass in adults is

Neoplasm

Mc benign neoplasm of the parotid gland in children is

Hemangioma

Mc site of fracture of mandible is

Neck of condyle

Omega shaped glottis

Laryngomalacia

Turban epiglottis is seen in this case

Tb larynx

During the first 30 weeks the uterine pressure

20mmHg

For 24 weeks of gestational period fundal height

Umblicus

Remnants of the imp vessel ductus arteriosus

Ligamentum arteriousum

The 36 weeks of gestational age the fundal height will be at

Xiphoid process of the sternum

The remnants of the The imp vessels umbilical artery

Medial umbilical artery

Placental circulation is established by

21 days

Primary treatment of hirsutism in PCOD

Combined OCP

Mc non tubal site for ectopic

Ovary

Most consistent finding in ectopic pregnancy

Pain and tenderness

Doc for pre-eclampsia

Labetalol 100mg bd

IOC and Rx for the adherent placenta

MRI and hysterectomy

Most common germ cell ovarian tumor

Teratoma

MTP ACT

Year 1971

Umblical cord attached to the margin of placenta

Battledore placenta

Pagets classification used for

Abruptio placenta

Menstural blood stored in vagina

Hematocolpos

Recurrence of hydatiform mole accessed by

Beta-HCG level

In brow presentation ,head of the fetus

Partial extension

Management of abruptio placenta

Always the termination of pregnancy

Doc for lung maturity

Betamethasone 12mg,IM 2doses 24hrs apart

Pacemaker of uterine contraction is located at

Tubal Ostia

Mcc of uterine rupture

Previous CS

Placenta previa

Painless,causeless,bright -red ,non tender uterus ,normal FHS

Abruptio placenta

Painful,H/o trauma,dark altered blood,tender tense uterus,Dec FHS

Fold of Hoboken

Umblical artery

Mcc of breech

Prematurity /preterm

Grid iron feel

Transverse lie

Rx of transverse lie

LSCS

Mcc of face/brow presentation

Anencephaly

Living ligature

Middle layer of myometrium

Direct op position seen in

Anthropoid pelvis

Rx of brow

Cs,no role of VD(vaginal delivery)

Rx for obstructed labour

LSCS

Mc presentation,Mc presenting

Cephalic ,part vertex

Slow progress of labor

Dystocia

Mcc of unstable lie

Placenta previa

Mc type of pelvis in female

Gynecoid (50%)

Least common type of pelvis

Platypelloid (<5%)

1stage

Nullipara (12 hr) | Multipara (8 hr)

Mc female factor for infertility

PCOD,Psychogenic

Worst prognosis /max cord prolapse among breech

Footling breech

Best predictor for CDP

Trial of labor

Peri ovulatory uterus show

Trilaminar sign

Luteolysis of CL prevented by

Hcg

Pelvis is classified based on the

Inlet of the pelvis

Periovulatory follicle /follicle rupture at

18-20mm

Turner syndrome

Streak gonad,high FSH ,hypogonadotrophic,hypogonadism

Weight of pregnant term uterus

1kg

Wt of uterus immediately aft delivery

1kg

Endometrium of pregnancy is called

Decidua

Life span of CL

14 day

Mc cause of 1 degree amenorrhea

Gonadal dysgenesis(Turner syndrome )

Mc cause of 2 degree amenorrhea

Ovulatory dysfunction (PCOD )

Round ligament and ovarian ligament arise from

Gubernaculum

Water under bridge - ureter crossed by

Uterine artery

Imperforate hymen C/o

Amenorrhea,bluish bulging membrane in vagina

2nd polar body

Released after fertilisation

Ovarian cycle initiated by

FSH

Tip of iceberg sign on USG

Dermoid cyst of ovary

Karman cannula is used for

Endometrial aspiration

Tubal blockage is commonly seen with this infection

Chlamydia

ELBW

<1kg

VLBW

<1.5kg

A child can skip at the age of

5 years

Dry by day

2 yr baby

Dry by night

3 years

Monkey faces in case of

Marasmus

Flag sign

Kwashiorkor

Chipmunk faces in case of

Thalassemia

Mature breast milk by

Day 7

Most common congenital infection

CMV

Vit E has role in prevention of

PBD and ROP

Protein required in new born

100kcal/kg

Mature breast milk by

Day 7

Most common organism causing fetal malformation

Rubella

Triad of congenital syphilis

Deafness + interstitial keratitis + Hutchinson’s teeth

Triad of congenital rubella

Deafness + cataract + heart defect (PDA)

Triad of toxoplasmosis

Chorioretinitis + intracranial calcification + hydrocephalus

Largest organ of fetus

Fetal adrenal cortex

Sucking + swallowing

34 weeks

Hyperbiliruminemia in girl babies causes

Oxytocin induced to mother

Premature closure of ductus in preterm baby

Indomethacin

Most common complication during vaginal delivery in diabetic mother

Shoulder dystocia

First sign of sexual maturation

Enlargement of breast in female | Testes in Male

Infant usually doubles his birth length by

4 and half yrs of age

Insulin and insulin like growth factor

Stimulate fetal growth

Mc benign liver tumor is

Hemangioma

Mc cause of secondary hypersplenism is

Portal hypertension

Site of embolic occlusion is the

Femoral artery

Mc indication for splenectomy is

Splenic injury

Mc toe problem is

ingrown toe nails

Mcc of hypercalcemia

Hyperparathyroidism

Mc NSAID that decreases platelet function is

Aspirin

Mcc of hypovolemic shock

Hemorrhage

2nd MC benign tumor of parotid gland

Warthins tumor

Cause of renovascular hypertension in children is

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Mc indication for nasogastric tube placement is

Gastric compression

Mc motility disorder of the esophagus is

Achalasia cardia

Mc cause of colonic obstruction

Adenocarcinoma

Mc site of volvulus is the

Sigmoid colon

Mc site for metastasis from the colon is the

Liver

Mc location of colonic obstruction is the

Sigmoid colon

Mc surgical condition of the small bowel is

Obstruction secondary to adhesion

Mc site of bile duct carcinoma is the

Bifurcation of the common hepatic duct

What are all the staging in thymoma

Masaoka staging

What kind of staging in RCC

Robson staging

What kind of staging in CA gb

Nevin staging

Index on the basis of neuroblastoma

Shimada index

Mc postoperative complication after thyroidectomy

Hemorrhage

Alkaline urine is seen in

Calcium phosphate ,struvite

Most sensitive investigation for renal calculi

NCCT

Father of thyroid surgery

Theodor kocher

Toc for superior mesenteric artery syndrome

Duodenojejunostomy

Nigro regimen is used for

Anal canal CA

Mc primary spinal tumor

Nerve sheath tumor

Mc site of medulloblastoma

Vermis

Mc posterior fossa tumor in children

Astrocytoma

What classification is used in adenocarcinoma lung

Noguchis classification

Signs of gallstones

Mercedes benz sign,sea gull sign

Most common causes of seizures in HIV

Hiv encephalopathy > toxoplasmosis

PR interval

Spread of impulse from SAN to AVN

Most common CXR finding in TB with HIV

Miliary shadow

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

Figure of 8 or snowman heart

Most common site of bronchietasis

Left lower lobe

Most common clinical presentation of lung CA

Cough

LE cells are seen in

SLE

In Wilson disease,chelation is done by

ZINC

In hemochromatosis,all organs are affected except

CNS

Doc for listeria meningitis

Ampicillin

Most frequently due to influenza virus

Interstitial pneumonia

Most common cause of meningitis in neonate

Klebsiella > staph aureus

Libman sacks endocarditis is seen with

SLE

IOC of gerd

24 hr PH monitoring

What are seen in bronchial asthma

Curschmanns spiral

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

21 alpha hydroxylase

IOC for Addison’s disease

ACTH STIMULATION TEST

Pseudochylous ascites is seen in

Malignant ascites

Most sensitive marker of SLE

ANA (anti nuclear antibody )

Category 2 : yellow /blue indicates

High possible resuscitation or life saving surgery (within 6 to 24hrs)

National AIDS control programme (NACP)

1987

Mild mental retardation

50 -69

Causative organism of chicken pox

Human herpes virus 3

Causative organism for influenza

Orthomyxovirus

Causative organism for measles (rubella)

RNA paramyxovirus

Strain used for rabies

Fixed viral strain

Mpw is located at

Subcenter level

Plasmodium discovered by

Laveran

Mortality is included in

NRR(net reproduction rate)

In ORS,Na+ absorption is due to

Glucose

Hepatitis A and E transmission is

Fecal oral route

Nerve supplying area between great toe and 2nd toe

Deep peroneal nerve

Retraction of scapula is done by

Middle fibers of trapezius muscle

Nutrient artery of the humerus

Profunda brachii artery

Nutrient artery of radius and ulna

Anterior interosseous artey

Nutrient artery of fibula

branch of posterior artery >peroneal artery

1st part of subclavian artery

VIT-CD Vertebral artery Internal mammary artery Thyrocervical trunk

2nd part of branch of subclavian artery

Costocervical trunk

3rd part of the subclavian artery

Dorsal scapular artery

Weight of the pituitary

0.5-0.6 gram

Weight of the thyroid gland

20-40 gram

Weight of adrenal gland

5-6 gram

Only long bone which has no medullary cavity

Clavicle

All long bone ossify in cartilage except clavicle.it ossifies in membrane

Clavicle

Mc fractured carpal bone

Scaphoid (boat shaped)- 2nd MC site of avascular necrosis

Musicians nerve

Ulnar nerve (root value C8,T1)

Root value of radial nerve

C5 to T1(c5,C6,C7,C8,T1)

Winging of the scapula

Long thoracic nerve (serratus anterior muscle paralyzed)

Nerve supply of gluteus maximus

Inferior gluteal nerve (L5,S1,S2)

Nerve supply of gluteus medius and minimus

Superior gluteal N (L4,5 and S1)

Vessel used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Internal mammary artery

Locking of the knee by

Quadriceps femoris muscle (occurs at last stage of extension)

Unlocking of the knee by

Popliteus muscle (occurs at first stage of flexion)

Which bone does not contribute to medial wall of orbit

Zygoma

Which layer of scalp is vascular

Subcutaneous tissue

Posterior communicating artery is a branch of

Middle cerebral artery

The chorda tympani nerve arises from

Facial nerve

Claw hand is due to paralysis of which muscle group

Lumbricals

Spinal levels of axillary nerve

C5 and C6

Innervation to nail bed of middle finger

Median nerve

Innervation to nailbed of ring finger

Ulnar and median

Lower angle of scapula lies at

Level of T7

Most commonly torn tendon of rotator cuff

Supraspinatus

Nerve injury with the fracture of shaft of humerus

Radial

Erbs point anatomical location at junction of

C5,C6

Paralysis of this muscle can cause dropped shoulder

Trapezius

Power of grip of hand is mainly due to

Long flexors

This nerve injury can cause wasting of intrinsic muscles of hand

Ulnar nerve

Sprengels deformity is associated with this bone

Scapula(failure of normal scapular descent during development)

Motor nerve supply of diaphragm

Phrenic nerve

Nerve root value of pudendal nerve

S2,3,4

Main blood supply of the femoral head

Medial circumflex femoral artery

Strongest flexors of the hip

Psoas major and iliacus muscle (illiopsoas muscle)

Upper outer quadrant of breast is drained by this lymphatic

Anterior axillary

Nerve root of posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

S1,2,3

Nerve root value of medial cutaneous nerve of thigh

L2,3

Blood supply of the kochs triangle

Right coronary artery

Blood supply of SA node

Right coronary artery

Valve guarding coronary sinus

Thebesian valve

Thoracic duct is also known as

Van home canal ,pecquet duct

Transtubercular plane lies at which level

Length of inguinal canal

4cm

Labia majora is developed from

Genital swelling

Helicine artery is a branch of

Deep artery penis

Nerve supply of the perinuem is

Pudendal nerve

Anatomical support of prostate is

Pubococcygeus

Blood supply of liver

80% portal vein nd 20% hepatic artery

Most common congenital anomaly of pancreas

Pancreas divisum

Ligament which contains splenic artery

Splenorenal ligament

Angle of mandible is supplied by

Great auricular nerve

Tip of nose is supplied by

Ophthalmic nerve(external nasal branch)

Metopic suture

Separates 2 half of the frontal bone

Metopic suture closes at

6 years

Otic ganglion supplies this gland

Parotid gland

Left lung has how many lobes

Two

Portal triad comprised of

Common bile duct Hepatic artery Portal vein

Gillette space corresponds to

Retropharyngeal space

Wernickes area is located at

Superior temporal gyrus (area 22)

Organs devoid of lymphatics

Brain,choroid,internal ear,glottis

At what vertebral level is the hyoid bone found

First branch off the abdominal artery

Inferior phrenic artery

The folds of the mucosa of the stomach are known as

Rugae

Artery of the anterior compartment of the leg

Anterior tibial artery

Pairs of spinal nerves exit from spinal cord

31 pairs

Left gonadal vein drains into

IVC

Arnold nerve is a branch of

Vagus nerve

Right adrenal gland shape

Pyramidal in shape

Content of anatomical snuff box

Radial artery

Fundus of stomach is supplied by

Splenic artery

Orgin of renal artery

Formation of IVC

Police man of the abdominal cavity

Greater omentum

Critical vascular zone of spinal cord

T4-T9

Collecting duct is derived from

Ureteric bud

Filum terminale is derived from

Pia mater

Rectouterine pouch is also known as

Pouch of Douglas

Which vein travels with the right coronary artery

Small cardiac vein

Most prominent spinous process in the spine

Vertebra prominens

Middle meningeal artery is a branch of

Maxillary artery (1st part of maxillary artery)

Anterior choroidal artery is a branch of

Internal carotid artery

Normal plasma protein ratio

1.7 : 1

Cell shape and motility are the function of

Microtubules

Chassaignac tubercle is

Carotid tubercle on the C6 vertebra

Opening of parotid(stensons duct ) in the oral cavity

Opposite of the second molar tooth

Frank starling law of the heart

Increase in venous return causes increased cardiac output

Part of intestine secreting enterpeptidase

Duodenum (activates trypsinogen)

Imp RMP of inner hair cells

-150mv

Membranes of BBB are generally

Asymmetrical

Energy for the urea cycle come from

Fat metabolism

Most common benign vascular tumor

Hemangioma

Characteristics of rheumatic carditis

Pancarditis

Most commonly involved valve in rheumatic fever

Mitral valve

Maximum decrease in CSF chloride

TB meningitis

Pan B cell

CD 19

Most common symptoms of bladder cancer

Painless hematuria

Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy with non - caseating granuloma

Sarcoidosis

Small pox will have

Guarnieri bodies

Enterotoxins are not produced by

Streptococcus

Ig with the maximum half life

IgG

Ig with minimum half life

IgE

Ig having maximum serum concentration

IgG

Ig having least serum concentration

IgE

For toxicology sampling ,best site for blood collection

Femoral vein

Test to distinguish human vs animal blood

Precipitin test

A child who is born to an unmarried women

Illegitimate child

Borax is

Gastrointestinal irritant

No plant source for vit

Vitb12 And vit D

Most common Callum patch in rheumatic heart disease is seen in

Left atrium

What can be present with hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis

Diarrhea

Source of renal neoplasm

Metastasis

Mc primary tumor of the small bowel

Adenocarcinoma

Ovarian artery and testicular artery is a branch of

Abdominal aorta

Muscle which opens Eustachian tube while yawing

Tensor veli palatini And levator veli palatini

Trigone of bladder develops from

Mesonephric duct(mesodermal in orgin )

Narrowest part of esophagus

Cricopharynx at the root of neck

Liver has how many segment

8 segment Caudate lobe - segment 1 Quadrate lobe - segment 4

Implantation occurs

6th day after fertilization,complete on 10th day

Most common nerve paralyzed

Facial N (longest intraosseous course)

Nerve supply of upper eyelid and TIP of nose

V1(ophthalmic branch of trigeminal)

Nerve injured with fracture of medial humeral epicondyl

Ulnar

Intercostobrachial nerve is a branch of

2nd intercostal nerve

Which part of the lung that extends above the level of the first rib

The cupula

What is the only valve in the heart that has 2 cusps

Mitral valve(bicuspid valve)

Structure which separate the anatomic right and left lobes of the liver

Ligamentum teres And ligamentum venosum

Function of the arachnoid granulations in the brain

Reabsorb CSF into the blood

Only organ in the body supplied by preganglionic sympathetic fibers

Adrenal medulla

Location of seminal vesicle

On the posterior aspect of the urinary bladder

What two muscle are tested to see if CN XI is intact

Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

What is the prominent bump on the lateral aspects of the knee

Head of fibula

Nerve supplying the lateral compartment of the leg

Superficial peroneal nerve

Foot drop is caused by damage to which nerve

Common peroneal nerve

Common carotid artery bifurcation at

C4 level (at upper border of thyroid cartilage)

Ligament of berry function

Connects thyroid lobe to cricoid lobe

Herring bodies are seen in

Posterior pituitary (ADH And oxytocin both stores here)

Passavants ridge is formed by

Palatopharyngeus and superior contrictor muscle

Broca’s area located at

Posterior end of superior temporal gyrus (area 44,45)

Direct branch of interior mesentric artery

Superior rectal artery

Nerve supplying serratus anterior muscle

Long thoracic nerve

Muller muscle supplied by which nerve

Sympathetic nerve

Efferent cremasteric reflex is carried by

Genitofemoral nerve

Disc are not found between

C1 and C2 ;sacrum - | coccyx

Ophthalmic artery is a branch of

Internal carotid artery

Where does the inferior mesentric vein drain

The splenic vein

Mucosal fold of small intestine starting 2nd part of duodenum

Valvulae conniventes also known as kerckring

Muscle comprise the erector spinae

Iliocostalis,longissimus,spinalis

Region where the manubrium and body of the sternum articulate

Sternal angle of Louis

Only muscle of the tongue not innervated by hypoglossal nerve

Palatoglossus

Ventral branches of abdominal aorta

Celiac trunk Superior mesentric artery Inferior mesenteric artery

Structures and level of piercing in diaphragm

I ate,10 eggs,At 12 IVC T8 Esophagus T10 Aorta T12

Muscle of the upper limb which cover both elbow and shoulder joint

Long head of triceps brachii

Supination and probation of upper limb is due to

Radio ulnar joint

Extension of artery of adamkiewicz is between

T9-T11

Mc site for BPH

Median lobe of prostate

Site for prostatic adenoma in elederly

Lateral 2 of the prostate gland

Longest rib

7th rib

Typical ribs

3rd to 9th

Atypical ribs

1st ,2nd ,10th,11th,12th

False ribs

8-12

True ribs and it’s other name

Vertebrosternal ribs (1-7th ribs)

Most oblique ribs

9th ribs

Largest cranial nerve

Trigeminal nerve (CN 5)

Smallest cranial nerve

Trochlear nerve (CN 4)

Respond to strong pressure from a sharp object

Mechanical nociceptors

Spinocerebellar tract function

Skilled movement

Responds to various chemical such as bradykinin,histamine,high acidity

Chemical nociceptors

Respond to combination of these stimuli

Polymodal nociceptors

Nephrons reaches to adult value at

36 weeks gestation

Used to differentiate iron deficiency anemia from beta thalassemia

Mentzer index

In newborn,renal tubular concentrating capacity reaches adult value

1 year

Below this age Bp of 120/80 is considered as hypertension

<12 years

Catabolism of H2O2 is a function of

Peroxisomes

Mechanoreceptors for texture and slow vibrations (5-40Hz)

Meissners corpuscles

Mechanoreceptors for sustained pressure and touch

Merkels cell(slow adapting)

Mechanoreceptors for sustained pressure

Ruffini corpuscles)slow adapting

Mechanoreceptors for deep pressure and fast vibrations(60 - 300Hz)

Pacinian corpuscles (rapidly adapting)

In nephron most of the reabsorption occurs at which portion

PCT (app 75%)

Sleep walking is seen in which stage of NREM

Stage 3 and 4

Parietal cell secretes

Intrinsic factor

This vitamin is an imp component of rhodopsin

Vitamin A

Only organ which produces ketone bodies(but never utilizes it)

Liver

Mutation in sickle cell disease

Base pair substitution

Type of bilirubin is found in neonatal jaundice

Indirect or unconjucated

Occurs in both cytoplasm and mitochondria

Gluconeogenesis

Doc for P.vivax

Chloroquine

Edward syndrome

Trisomy 18

Type of necrosis seen in brain pathology

Liquefactive necrosis

Noonan syndrome is similar to

Turner syndrome

Most sensitive cells and common in the body damaged due to hypoxia

Neurons

Eosinophils have major basic protein which is toxic to

Parasites

Leukocytes with giant granules in peripheral blood smear seen in

Chediak higashi syndrome

Most imp fibrogenic agent

TGF -beta

Hemosiderin laden macrophages (heart failure cells) found in

Lung

Chemotactic for neutrophils

IL -8

Virchows fifth sign of inflammation is

Loss of function

Leiden factor is

Mutated factor 5

Procoagulant Bt thrombin-thrombomodulin complex is anticoagulant

Thrombin

Maternal meiotic non-dysfunction is most common cause of

Down syndrome

Variety associated with Down syndrome

AML M7

Lesion with normal differentiation at abnormal site

Choristoma

Mc Callum plaque is seen in

Rheumatic cariditis (on left atrium )

CD45 is also called as the

leukocyte common antigen(LCA)

Orphan Annie eye nuclei is characteristic of

Papillary carcinoma

Weight of adrenal in Cushing syndrome

25-40gm

Most common gene involved in the familial breast cancer

BRCA -1

Definitive marker for the hepatoblastoma

AFP

Call -exner bodies are seen in

Granulosa theca cell tumor

Most specific marker of the GIST

C-kit (CD 117)

Most common complication of the peptic ulcer

GI bleeding (eg haematemesis)

Most common testicular tumor and testicular germ cell tumor

Seminoma

Cells which are unique as they are capable of direct cell lysis

Nk cells

Comet tail artefact with thickening of gallbladder wall

Adenomyomatosis

Infection causing atherosclerosis

Chlamydia pneumoniae , herpes virus

Foam cells are

Lipid laden macrophages

Molecule is present on all the nucleated cells and platelets

MHC 1

responsible for activation of classical pathway

IgM And IgG

Responsible for activation of alternate pathway

IgA,IgE,IgD

Most common site of intestinal amebiasis

Cecum and ascending colon

Nutmeg liver is seen in

Right sided heart failure (Chronic passive congestion)

Hyperplasia of pancreatic beta cells lead to

Nesidioblastoma

Most common mutation in Ewing’s sarcoma

Translocation t 11:22

HEV are lined by simple cuboidal cells as opposite to regular venules lined by

Endothelial cells

Which protein attached to surface of bacteria and phagocytized

Antibody

All immunoglobulin are heat stable except

IgE

Blanket consent is taken

While admission to any surgery

Instantaneous rigors is seen in

Cadaveric spasm

Widmarks formula helps in measurement of blood level of

Alcohol

What is most commonly done through the posterior approach

Autopsy of the spinal cord

First temporary teeth to appear and sec permanent teeth

Lower central incisor,1st molar

Punishment for perjury

IPC 193

Cause of death in judicial hanging is fracture of

C2-3 or 3-4 vertebrae

Sickness benefit under ESI act ,1948

91 days

Most common electrolyte abnormality

Hyponatremia ,SIADH

CSF glucose compared to blood glucose

60-70% of concentration of blood

Iron is absorbed from

Duodenum with fast clearance

In case of severe MS How much left atrial pressure required to maintain a normal cardiac output

App 25mmHg

Present normal in urine

Hyaline cast

Seen in intestinal nephritis and pyelonephritis

WBC CAST

IOC and Rx of duct ectasia

Mammography,hadfield’s operation

Mc cause of appendix obstruction in older patients is

Fecolith and foreign body

Mc renal inflammatory disorder

Pyelonephritis

Mc reason to get treatment for BPH is

Symptomatic relief

Mcc of acute pancreatitis are

Alcohol consumption and biliary calculi

Mc best diagnostic imaging technique for prostate CA is

Trus

Best treatment for subaponeurotic hematoma

I and D

Mc malignant tumor of the small bowel are

Adenocarcinoma,carcinoid,lymphoma

Mc location for prostate CA is in the

Peripheral zone of the prostate gland

Mc reason for recurrent post operative ulcer disease is

Inadequate vagotomy

Most common organism associated with sialadenitis

Staph aureus and strep viridans

Mcc of death in children and adults less than 35 years of age is

Trauma

Mc hernia in both sexes and all groups is

Bilateral inguinal hernia

Mcc of pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension is

Schistosomiasis

Most full term infants regain their birth weight by the age of

10 days

The circumference of head and chest are almost same by the age of

9 months to 1 year

What is the first to develop and second molar is last to develop in primary dentition

Central incisors

Recurrent abortion’s And IUGR are usually not seen in

Syphilis

Most of the new born pass urine by

12 hours of age and almost all of them do so by 48 hrs

Breast milk does not provide immunity against

Pertussis

Vitamin absent in breast milk

Vit C > vit D

Earliest fetal breathing movement

11-16 weeks

Most common cause of congenital hydrocephalus

Aqueductal stenosis

Lacta albumin in breast milk

Soft/golden yellow color stool

Social smile develops by

2 months

Head control develops by

3 months

Hand regard by

4 month

Ulnar grasp by

4 months

Low birth weight

<10th percentile (<2-5kg)

Early sign of puberty

In male - enlargement of testes | In female -thelarche

Anemia for an infant at hemoglobin less than

12gm%

In neonatal sepsis,acute phase reactant

CRP

Acyanotic congenital heart disease

ASD,VSD,PDA

Type of molar pregnancy in which fetal tissue is formed

Partial H mole

Parachute reflex develops during

9th month of life

Wave bye bye

9 months

Constipation in pregnancy is due to this hormone

Progesterone

Ovarian capsule is first involved in this stage of ovarian CA

Stage of cervix cancer reaching involving bladder and rectum

Stage 4a

Fruit juice which can prevent UTI

Cranberry juice(due to its anti adhesion property)

Main support of uterus is

Cardinal ligament (aka transverse cervical ligament)

Uterus shows both during pregnancy

Hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Steroidogenesis of CL prevented by

Amenorrhea,absent uterus,normal sec sexual characters

Mullerian agenesis

Genital tubercle forms

In female -clitoris | In Male - penis

Genital swelling

Labia majora - female | Scrotum - Male

Minimum age for MTP(medical termination of pregnancy )consent

18 years

Time of cerclage operation

12-14 weeks

Mc tumor of ovarian tumor

Epithelial cell tumor

Mcc drug used for 2nd TM abortion

Prostaglandins

Most common malignant germ cell tumor

Dysgerminoma

Mechanism of action of combined OCP

Prevent the release of ovum from ovary

Regular and rhythmic uterine contraction

Palmers sign

Softened vaginal wall with copious mucoid discharge

Vaginal sign

Oxygenated blood from placenta goes to fetal heart via

Ductus venosus

Treatment of choice of acute hydramnios with fetal distress in pregnancy

Amniocentesis

Cardiac activity in fetus can be assessed via trans abdominal scan by

6 weeks

In a diabetic mother most common fetal complication will be

Congenital heart disease

Pathognomic of ectopic pregnancy

Decidul cast

Recurrent abortion with isolated rise APTT

Lupus anticoagulant

Rubin criteria is used for

Cervical ectopic

Follow up of a case of ectopic /molar pregnancy

Serial HCG level

IOC for placenta previa and abruptio placenta

USG

Mc benign tumor of ovary

Dermoid cyst

Most common ovarian tumor associated with pregnancy

Dermoid cyst

Ear ossicle which has no muscle attachment

Incus

Layer of tympanic membrane

3 layer

Acute otitis media most commonly caused by

streptococcus pneumonia

Furunculosis of external ear caused by

Staphylococcus

Bullous myringitis is most commonly caused by

Adenovirus

Pulsatile tinnitus is seen in

Glomus tumor

Most common sinusitis in adults

Maxillary

This illicit drug can cause septal perforation

Cocaine

Osteomeatal complex is an imp landmark during

FESS

Finally Flashcards

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