1
Q
what is a disorder
A
abnormal performance level
2
Q
what is a acquired disorder
A
- a cognitive abnormality in someone who acquired a particular skill normally but then lost that ability after brain damage
3
Q
what is a developmental disorder
A
- a cognitive abnormality in someone (often a child) who never acquired a particular skill normally in the first place
4
Q
what does the cognitive level provide?
A
- cognitive level provides an important explanatory link between brain and behaviour
- explains what the brain is trying to achieve in functional terms (not structural)
5
Q
what do cognitive models do?
A
whicih specirfiy the sequence of processes involved in perforning some cognitive operation
6
Q
what is acquired dyslexia
A
- a reading impairment in someone who learned to read normally but then lost that ability after brain damage
7
Q
what is developmental dyslexia
A
- a reading impairment in someone (often a child) who never learned to read normally in the first place
8
Q
what percentage of children fail to who earn to read
A
10-15%
9
Q
dyslexia myths
A
- all are male
- all are average or above average intelligence
- all come from middle class families
- all suffer from attention disorders (comorbidity – overlap only 30-40% many don’t have attention disorders)
- all get their letters back to front
- all have the same type of dyslexia
10
Q
lis teht three stages of reading develpoment
A
logographic
alphabeetic
orthographic
11
Q
characteristics of the logographic stage
A
– small sight vocabulary of known words
cant attempt unfamiliar words
- as number of words increase, problems occur
12
Q
ages of logographic
A
4-5yrs
13
Q
ages of alphabetic stage
A
5-7
14
Q
charactierstics of alphabetic stage
A
- acquire “phonic” knowledge – sound out
- attempt to pronounce words not seen before
though not necessarinlhy correctly
e.g. yatched for yacht - reading may feedback to spoken vocab
I’m thoroughly enjoying myself
15
Q
characteristics of the orthographic
A
- read words as whole units, without sounding out
- not visual or cue-based like logographic phase
- rapid recognition of familiar letter strings
16
Q
ages fo the orthographic stage
A
7-8+
17
Q
what are the two key processes of dyslexia
A
-sounding out or non lexical skills
-whole word or lexical skills
18
Q
what is involved in the key process of “sounding out/non lexical skills “
A
- reads new words and nonsense words (e.g. gop)
- mistakes with irregular words (e.g. yacht)
19
Q
what is involved in the key process of “whole word or lexical skills’
A
- reads all familiar words, including irregular
- cant read new words or nonsense words
20
Q
what is the nature of the problem of surface dyslexia
A
Nature of the problem: poor whole word or lexical reading i.e. small sight vocabulary – written word store
21
Q
what is the key symptoms of surfsce dyslexia
A
Key symptom: inaccurate reading aloud of irregular words e.g. have, yacht
22
Q
what is the nature of the problem of phonological dyslexia
A
poor knowledgee of letter-sounf rules, poor non lexical reading
23
Q
explain the identification of assessment in phonological dyslexia
A
Identification in assessment: inaccurate reading aloud of nonsense words such as ib, slint or stendle
24
Q
what is the nature of the problem of hyperlexia
A
Nature of the problem: accuracy in reading aloud of single words and nonwords normal for age but single word reading comprehension is poor – word meaning store
25
what is the identification in assessment of hyperlexia
Identification in assessment: many words that can be read aloud correclty cannot be understood (neither from print nor speech)
26
what is the nature of the problem in LETTER IDENTIFICATION DYSLEXIA
Nature of the problem: some or many single letters cannot be identified – letter recognition
27
what is the identification in assessment of LETTER IDENTIFICATION DYSLEXIA
Identification in assessment: inaccurate naming of single letteres. poor ability to match a ore to A
28
what is the nature of the problem in letter posiiton dyslexia
Nature of the problem: letters are identified accurately but their position
within the word is not.
29
what is the identification in assessment of LETTER POSITION DYSLEXIA
Identification in assessment: errors in reading aloud migratable words,
such as board – “broad”, nerve – “never
30
treatments for surface dyslexia
- Basic flashcards, focussing on irregular words
31
treatments for phonological dyslexia
- Wealth of phonics training programs
32
treatments for letter identifcation dyslexia
- Letter training programs like “Letterland” (
33
treatments for letter position dyslexia
- Following with finger may help
34
what is aphasia
A disorder of language acquired as a result of brain damage
35
difficulties in aphasia
- speaking
- writing
- understanding speech
- understanding written text (reading for meaning)
- reading aloud
- repeating what is said
- gesturing
36
what causes aphasia
- damage to those areas of the brain that control language
- typically the temporo-parietal region of the left hemisphere
- most people with aphasia have it as a result of stroke (cerebro-vascular accident)
- blockage or haemorrhage of a blood vessel
37
when can progressive apahsia occur
- aphasia can occur in progressive e brain disease (dementias)
- e.g. alzheimer’s disease
38
how can aphasia impact youre life
* Social isolation and exclusion (relationships are hard to maintain)
* Loss of work (financial hardship)
* Loss of leisure opportunities
* Lack of access to information
* Loss of opportunities to participate, negotiate, choose.
* Loss of confidence, bewilderment
* Anger, frustration.
39
prognosis of aphasia
- Most people with aphasia show improvement over time
- Most rapid improvement is in the first 3 months but can continue indefinitely.
- Aphasia can be treated – but there is no ‘magic bullet’
- Speech pathologists tailor treatment individually
- Treatment can be required for many years (and continues to be effective many years after the onset of aphasia).
- Many people with aphasia do not get back to ‘normal’.
- Nevertheless it is possible to live successfully with aphasia
40
if someone has good comphrension and non-fluent speech with little grammaticial structure
= Broca’s Aphasia
41
if someone has poor comphrension and fluent speech
Wernicke’s Aphasia
42
what are the three causes in identifying the case of language symptoms
what tasks people have problems with (e.g. naming pictures, reading words, writing, repeating words, understanding a word, understanding a sentence
2. what errors do they make?
3. what influences whether they make an error or not?
43
why is it important to understnad the anture of the impairments in aphasia
the same problem can have different causes
different causes need different treatments
44
what are semantic errors
- responses related to the target in meaning
45
e.g. semantic errors
- e.g. triangle square, saxophone soul, brush comb
46
what are phonologial errors
- responses that share sounds with the target
47
e.g. of phonological error
- e.g. triangle trifle, saxophone sakserfay, elephant efelent, paper pater
48
what are unrelated errors
- responses unrelated to the target in meaning or sound
49
e.g. of unrelated errors
- nonwords (neologisms) – e.g. tweezer bredel, saxophone helifunt
- words – e.g. frog hunk
50
what are visual errors
- naming as a visually similar object
51
e.g. ofo visual errors
pretzel knot, button moon
52
what is circumlocution
- taking around the subject, giving information about its meaning
53
e.g. o circumlocation
- e.g. calendar it’s a thing that tells you what day it is, rocket it’s a space vehicle, triangle it’s a three something
54
what are perservation
getting stuck on the same response
55
e.g. perseveration
- e.g. cat sandwich; house 00> sandwich; tree sandwich; cat cat; house house; tree cat
56
what are the two possible levels of impairment in spoke word production can cause semantic errors
1. impaired word meanings – semantic impairment
2. impaired word forms (or impaired access to those forms)
57
explain the issues that may be present in impaired word meaning - semantic impairments
there will also be problems with writing, understanding spoken words (listening comprehension) and understanding written words (reading comphrension)
58
explain the issues that may be present in impaired word forms -
written, understanding spoken words (listening comprehensoin) and understanding written words (reading comphrensioin) will be unimpaired
59
what is the overlap with SLI and dyslexia
50%
60
what is SLI
Unexplained specific difficulty in learning to understand (receptive language) and/or speak (expressive language) ones native language
61
why IS SLI said to be specific
- nonverbal intelligence
- hearing
- articulation
- language environment
- development in other areas
- physiological and psychology
62
characteristics of expressive language problem
- finds it hard to find the right word
- uses wrong words in sentences
- limited vocabulary
- incorrect grammar
- uses short simple sentences
- poor at retelling a story or relaying information
63
characteristics of receptive language problems
- does not appear to listen
- lack of interest in stories
- poor understanding of complicated sentences
- finds it hard to follow instructions
- depends on gestures and non verbal cues to understand
- parroting words or phrases
64
why are people less aware of SLI
* sometimes called a “hidden disability”
- people with SLI look perfectly normal
- are good at many things
- poor understanding can be perceived as unintelligent, rude or lazy
- failing to express oneself can be interpreted as unintelligent
* bishop (2019): “which neurodevelopmental disorder get researched and why?”
- rare disorders (e.g. autism) are more researched than common ones
- partly explained by rare disorders being more severe
65
what is step 1 assessing of SLI
* Asses how specific persons SLI is
66
standardised tests in step 1 of assessing SLI
o hearing (ability to hear sounds clearly) – audiologist
o non-verbal intelligence – psychologist
o attention – psychologist
o articulation – speech therapist
* if all normal for age then likely to be SLI
* if not normal for age then take this into account when deciding on treatment
67
what is step 2 in the assesssment of SLI
* speech and language therapist
* standardised (i.e. fixed items, order, scoring) and normed (i.e. compare results to people in same age or grade) tests used to measure different components of spoken language
68
what is proximal treatment
* training cognitive processes that immedinilty underpin receptive and expressive language
* typically done by trained speech and language therapists
- one-on-one private therapy sessions
- language development centres
- in primary schools (WA and UK)
- language development schools (UK)
* sometimes done by computer programs
- fast forward (includes exercises for spoken language skills)
- DaisyQuest (phonological processing)
- earobics (include exercises for phonological awareness)
69
explain distal treatment
* treat deficits hypothesized tp a underlying cause of SLI e.g.:
o poor auditory processing
- Fast Forward (includes exercises for basic auditory processing)
- tomatis therapy
o poor working memory
- CogMed
o poor brain functioning
- fish oil
- brain Gym
70
what are the issues with anecdote
Biased
* Subjective
* Confounded by other factors (e.g., treatments)
* Cognitive dissonance
71
what are the three stages of object perception
local features
shape representation
object representation
72
what is agnosia?
agnosia = unable to recognise objects - absence of knowledge - not a memory or semantic problem
73
what is the neuropsychogical evidence for agnosia
- * Damage to extra-striate cortex
- * Complete visual fields
- * Normal colour, depth and movement
- * Disordered object perception
74
what are people with apperceptive agnosia able to
- Still normal acuity, brightness discrimination, colour vision, depth and contour perception
75
dorsal simultanagnosia
Able to recognise elements but not the whole scene
one object at a time
Gaze, pointing and reaching problems
76
ventral agnosia
Multiple objects can be seen, manipulated, counted etc.
Cannot grasp the meaning of the whole scene
77
what occurs in amusia
strong link btw music and speech
78
what is acquired prospagnosia due to ?
- Due to neurological insult such as stroke or head trauma
79
prevalence of congenital prosopagnosia
2-3%
80
what is the loss of existing memories
retrograde amnesia
81
what is the failure to form new memories
anterograde amnesia
82
what is ribots law
last in, first go
83
what is functional amnesia
following emotional trauma
past psychaiartic history
some precipitating “event”
neurological cause unlikely?
84
what is the type of the amnesia is "short term memory loss"
anterograde amnesia
85
what is retrieval failure
enduring memories of experiences are created, but access to them is impaired
tests requiring recall are failed
86
what is consolidation failure
enduring memories of current experiences not created
tests requiring recall are failed
tests requiring recognition are also failed
- primarily a memory problem
temporal lobe or hippocampal amnesia
87
what is the impact of retrieval failure on anterograde amnesia
- new information can be learned but not recalled
88
what is impact of retrieval failure on retrograde amnesia
existing memories cant be retrieved
89
describe standard consolidaiton tehory
- hippocampus is involved on memory formation and integration of new memory traces with existing traces located in cortical regions
90
describe multiple trace theory
- consolidation occurs over a long period of time, with the hippocampus creating a new, schematised trace each time a memory is recollected
91
what is synaesthesia
perception of a specific stimulus induces a concurrent and distinct experience in a seperate modality or within the same modailty
92
prevalence of synaesthesia
0.05-4%
93
what causes synaesthesia
genetic predispostiion
Many synaesthetes without synaesthetic relatives
* Must depend on learning at some point
* May generalise from other stimuli (e.g., sounds) to
learned items (e.g., letters)
94
what are the 2 key aspects of disorders of the self
experience of influencing the world (sense of agency)
experience of having a distinct physical body (sense of body ownership)
95
what is agency
The feeling of causing an event to occur
96
what is the cause of flow
- for flow to occur the demands of a situation must just exceed an individual’s skill
97
what are characteristics of flow
- common in expertise across domains
- complex, well traineied acitons are expernce as subjectivelty effortless
- strong feelings of intentions for outcomes, absent intention for specifc actions
98
what does the comparator model say sense of agency is due to
matching sensory signals in the motor system
99
what are possible impairments to teh comparator model of agencyc
impaired predictions
impared snesory feedback
impaired comparsions
100
what is priority
- the thought must occur before the event
101
wht is consistency
- the thought is compatible with the event
102
what is exclusivity
- the thought must be the only possible cause for the event
103
what are the 3 factos that can cause disorders to body self perception
Brian injury
physcial injury
developmental changes
104
what are the 2 ways brain injury can cause a disorder of body self-perception
due to stroke, due to somatoparaphrenia
105
how can stroke cause a disorder of body self-perception
- changes to body self-perception are most common after damage in certain areas in particular of the right side of the brain
106
how can somatoparaphrenia cause a disorder of body self-perception
- monothematic delusion where one denies ownership of a limb or an entire side of ones body
107
e.g. of how physcial injury can cause disorders of body self perception
- phantom limb sensations ater limb aputyion
- feeling that the limb is still attaced
- approx. 60 to 80% cases with limb pautation
- ofen assoicated with phantom limb pain
108
how can developomental changes cause a disorder of body self-perception
- eating siroders e.g. anorexia nervosa tend to develop in particular during adolenscne
- body dissatisfcation, desire and extree measures to lose weeight (e.g. restrit4ed food intake)
- body size and shape distoritions: patients experience their body as fat while objectively being very thin
- cause of distotions unclear – processing of body signals could be disturbed
109
what is mirrored self misidentification ?
the belief that when you are looking into a mirror, the person you see there is not you, but some stranger that looks like you
110
what is capgras delsuion
the belief that someone emotionally close to you, typically a family member has been replaced by an impostor
111
what suggested the idea of the capgras delusion
- the absence of emotional responses to your spouse’s face
IN people with Capgras delusion, not even the most familiar of faces produces an emotional (arousal) response
So when you see a loved one and expect to experience such a response, instead nothing happens
This person must be complete stranger, even though she looks just like my wife
112
what is the cotard delusion
the belief that you are dead
113
what is fregoli delusion
* the belief that you are constantly being followed by people who you know but cannot recognise(because they are always in disguise)m
114
what is somatoparaphrenia
* the belief that some part of your body belongs to someone else
115
what suggested the idea of somatoparaphrenia ?
inability to move it
116
what is the alien control delusion
* the belief that other people can control the movements of parts of your body
117
what are 4 important features of delusions
cna be monothematic
in one sense, there is insight
- the beliefs are encapsulated
- they are not rare
118
what are the 2 factors of delusions
1. what suggested the idea of the belief
2. what prevented the proper evaluation of this idea?
119
what is hypnosis
- hypnosis is a social interaction between two people – a hypnotist and a subject
- the hypnotist offers suggestions to the subject, which changes the way that the subject experiences themselves and the world
120
what are the changes involved in hypnosis
attention, absorption an reality monitoring
121
myths about hypnois
* the powerful hypnotist myth
- “ I can control your behaviour”
* the everlasting myth
- “you will keep responding until I tell you to stop”
* the faking mth
- “hypnotised people are just faking hypnosis”
122
what happens in an induction in hypnosis
- the induction may be viewed as:
a ritual that defines the context as. hypnotic
a ‘switch’ that creates an altered state
123
is an induction necessary in hypnosis?
highs will respond in the absence of an induction
induction generates effects that happen sooner and are more compelling
124
what do hypnotic suggestions involve
- hypnotic suggestions involve alterations in perception, memory, action, thought and emotion
125
list types of hypnotic suggestions
- ideomotor – thoughts becoming action
suggesting an outstretched arm is too heavy to hold up
- challenge – suggesting a particular state of affairs and then challenging subject to do the opposite
suggesting eyes are tightly shut and then asking subjects to open eyes
- cognitive/delusory – involve hallucination sor delusions
suggesting that mosquito is bssing around
- posthypnotic amnesia – forgetting
suggesting that after hypnosis, subjects will forget certain events
126
what is an ideomotor suggestion
thoughts becoing action
127
e.g of ideomotor hypnotic suggetion
suggesting an outstretched arm is too heavy to hold up
128
what is a challenging hypnotic suggestion
suggesting a particular state of affairs and then challenging subject to do the opposit
129
e.g of a challenging hypnotic suggestion
suggesting eyes are tightly shut and then asking subjects to open eyes
130
what is. cognitive or delusory suggestion?
involve hallucination or delusion
131
e.g. of a cogntiive/delusory suggestion
suggesteing a mozzie is buzzing arround
132
what is a posthypnotic amnesia suggestion
forgetting
133
percentage of people who are high hypnotisable
10-15
134
percentage of people who ar emeidm hypnotisable
70-80
135
percentage of people who are low hypnotisable
10-15
136
what is ingtricinsic hypnosis
- exploring the nature of hypnosis itself
137
what is instrumental hypnosis
- using hypnosis as a tool to investigate other phenomena
138
e.g. od intrinisic hypnosis
- e.g. understanding what happens in the brain during hypnosis
139
e.g. of instrumental hypnosis
e.g using hypnosis to model clincial condiitons
140
advantages of hypnosis
* many clinical conditions are difficult to study in the laboratory
- they often occur with other symptoms and impairments
- hypnosis allows us to re-create specifc symptoms in the labs
* hypnosis allows us to create “virtual patients”
- temporary, reversible technique to model features of lcincal conditions
* potentially a safe testing ground for exploring treatment options
141
what is mirrored self misidentiifcaiotn
- delusional belief that one’s reflection in the mirror is a stranger
142
what are hte 2 paths in mirrored self misidentification
face processing impairment – patients cannot recognise own face
mirror agnosia – patients cannot interact correctly with mirrors and may behave as if the mirror is a window
143
percentage of ppl with schizophrenia
1%
144
does schizophrenia have more of an onset in males or females
Earlier onset in males, on average
- more onset in females in 45-55 age group belieed to be due to menopause nd estrogen levels
145
what are the 4 characteristics - which u need 2 of to be diagnoseed with schizophrenia
1. Delusions (mistaken beliefs)
2. Hallucinations (misleading percepts)
3. Disorganized speech &/or behaviour
4. Negative symptoms (e.g., apathy, flat affect, anhedonia)
146
e.g. of auditory hallucinations
– Non-verbal (bumps, music)
– Verbal hallucinations
– Voices commenting
– Voices conversing
147
what does the theory of the mind relate to schizophrenia
Capacity to infer mental states to predict and explain behaviour in terms
of mental-state causation (beliefs, intentions)
delusions
flashcards
Decks in class (1)
# Cards
