Trigger for NPV
If given multi-year analysis AND discount rate
include in incremental profits and costs, as this is cash flows in and out.
NPV = net cash flows for each year
then, discount = npv = (% , cf) + initial investmnet
Payback
initial investment / net annual cash flows
valuation
Apply the multiplier given to **after-tax net income to determine 100% of the value of company then compare to sale price to determine if reasonable