First Aid

Question 1

what are the four wound factors

Answer 1

• location
• time
• trauma
• trash

Question 2

location of wound

Answer 2

• what type of tissue
• clean, recent, distal limb wounds
• head, body, upper leg
• eyelids, nostrils

Question 3

time of wound

Answer 3

• how old wound is
• <6-8 hours ideal

Question 4

trauma of wound

Answer 4

• degree of tissue injury
• how much of tissue injury there is

Question 5

trash of wound

Answer 5

• degree of contamination
• how much contamination is in the wound and debris amount

Question 6

granulation tissue

Answer 6

• cauliflower looking
• surface bleeds very easily (very vascular)
• no nerve supply

Question 7

how long does it take for granulation to appear

Answer 7

around 4-5 days
- quickest of any species

Question 8

what are the 3 basic stages of wound healing

Answer 8

• inflammation
• proliferation
• maturation

Question 9

inflammation

Answer 9

• peak at day 1
• white blood cells try to engulf and bacteria

Question 10

proliferation

Answer 10

new tissue and granulation growth

Question 11

maturation

Answer 11

-long term changing of tissue
- don’t usually deal with

Question 12

first intention

Answer 12

• primary closure
• best and fastest healing
• least scar tissue
• closing wound with sutures

Question 13

second intention

Answer 13

• leaving wound un-sutured
• depends on formation of granulation tissue
• skin grows over

Question 14

what is an important aspect of second intention healing

Answer 14

• need to remove more tissue
• bandages
• cleaned/changed daily
• daily cleansing until solid granulation formation
• higher risk of infection

Question 15

proud flesh

Answer 15

excessive granulation tissue above skin edges
- too much of a good thing
- prohibits wound gealing

Question 16

what are some causes of proud flesh

Answer 16

• motion of wound
• lack of blood supply
• lack of surrounding soft tissue (tight)

Question 17

how can proud flesh be prevented

Answer 17

• immobilize the wound through bandages, casts, or splints

Question 18

how can proud flesh be treated

Answer 18

• surgical method using scalpel to shave it off
• topical steroid ointment to shrink down granulation tissue
• chemicals that destroy granulation tissue and skin cells

Question 19

why are joint infections important to prevent

Answer 19

they are hard to treat
- cause arthritis
- can end an athletic career

Question 20

dehiscence

Answer 20

• failing/breaking apart
• use proper wound prep, remove excess tissue, and use proper aftercare (antibiotics and bandaging)
• occurs because of wound factors

Question 21

what type of organisms causes tetanus

Answer 21

• bacterial
• clostridium tetani

Question 22

toxoid

Answer 22

• active immunity
• longer lasting
• takes longer
• vaccine

Question 23

antitoxin

Answer 23

• preformed antibodies
• passive
• immediate
• short term

Question 24

why is tetanus so important

Answer 24

horses are the most susceptible species

Question 25

vaccinated horses that sustain a wound > 6 months after last booster

Answer 25

treated by revaccination with toxoid

Question 26

non-vaccinated horses who sustain injury

Answer 26

treated with toxoid + antitoxin at 2 separate sites

Question 27

signs of tetanus

Answer 27

- 3rd eyelid prolapsing - muscle paralysis

Question 28

delayed primary closure

Answer 28

closure prior to granulation tissue formation

Question 29

secondary closure

Answer 29

closure after formation of granulation tissue

Question 30

where are the easiest places to heal

Answer 30

anything above hock

Question 31

what are ways to see if a wound has entered a joint

Answer 31

- radiographs - inject joint involved sterile fluid - ultrasound

Question 32

hemorrhage

Answer 32

- arterial vs venous - amount of bleeding/blood loss - rapid vs slow bleeding

Question 33

how do you control hemorrhaging

Answer 33

- apply direct pressure - clean packing -

Question 34

signs of excessive bleeding

Answer 34

- pale gum color - cool extremities - weak arterial pulse - increases heart and pulse rate - severe shock

Question 35

what are some important aspects to understand of hemorrhages

Answer 35

- (0.8)(body wt)= volume of blood - rapid loss is more critical - 25-30% of blood volume can be lost in a 24 hour period

Question 36

what is a horses blood volume

Answer 36

36 liters

Question 37

what are some basics of wound treatment

Answer 37

- examine and explore wound - protect wound with sterile gauze - apply K-Y jelly - scrub clipped area with antiseptic - rinse with saline - irrigate wound with saline

Question 38

lavage

Answer 38

irrigate

Question 39

what are you trying to determine with exploring the wound

Answer 39

- depth - bone contact - foreign bodies

Question 40

what should you not apply to a wound

Answer 40

topical ointments or powder, along with rinsing with a garden hose