1
Q
Cause of most common strokes?
A
blood clot blocking a blood vessel support part of the brain
2
Q
Verstauchung (DE)
A
Sprain/Strain (EN)
3
Q
Aims of First Aid?
3xP in EN + DE
A
- Preserve Life (Leben erhalten)
- Prevent the situation worsening (Verhinderung einer Verschlimmerung der Situation)
- Promote Recovery (Förderung der Erholung)
4
Q
Treatment Shock
A
- DRABC
- Treat the cause of the shock
- Lay down position
- Call help
- Keep warm
- Monitoring
5
Q
Treatment Sprain/Strain
A
R est
I ce
C ompression / C onfort
E levation
6
Q
Difference heart attack to angina?
A
Angina is just “reduced blood flow”.
Heart attack is when a bloodclot blocks the artery = dead of a area of heart muscle
7
Q
recognise difference angina and heart attack
A
Differences in Symptoms: While both conditions can cause chest discomfort, angina is usually triggered by physical exertion and relieved by rest or medication. In contrast, heart attack pain is more intense, can occur at rest, and will not improve with rest or angina medication.
8
Q
Circulatory shock may happen:
A
- pain
- injury
- allergy
- infection
- fluid loss
- medical conditions
9
Q
S
C
A
L
D
?
A
Estimate Burn:
S ize
C ause
A ge
L ocation
D epth
10
Q
Handover information
(acronym?)
A
A – Age and name,
M – Mechanism of injury or how it happened or what has been happening
I – Injuries or complaints
S – Sign and symptoms – pulse rate, breathing rate, skin colour etc
T – Treatment and what you have done.
11
Q
A
M
I
S
T
A
acronym handover
12
Q
what is a C-shock?
A
Cardiogenic shock
-> fall of blood pressure because heart is not working well
- heart attack
- cardiac failure
- cardiac arrest
13
Q
what is a A-shock?
A
Anaphylactic shock
-> allergic reaction
14
Q
Gehirnerschütterung (DE)
A
Concussion (EN)
15
Q
what is a H-shock?
A
Hypovolaemic shock
-> low-volume-blood
- external bleeding
- internal bleeding
- burns
- vomiting, diarrhoea
- excesiv sweating
16
Q
Hirnblutung (DE)
A
Compression (EN)
17
Q
What is Angina?
A
Colesterol narrowing the artery = reduced blood flow = lack of oxygen = pain in chest
18
Q
3 types of external bleeding:
A
- arterial (is bright red (full of oxygen) and spurting (herausspritzen)
- venous (is dark red (less O2) and flows, gushes or pools
- capillary (oozes/trickels)
19
Q
3 signs and symptoms of external bleeding?
A
- visible bleeding
- evidence of injury
- signs of circulatory shock
20
Q
standard method for first aiders to control open bleeding?
A
apply direct pressure continuously for 10 minutes
21
Q
Management external bleeding:
A
- DRABC
- identify wound location
- identify type of bleeding (arterial, venous, capillary)
- do not remove penetrating objects
- wear gloves before blood contact if possible but dont delay
- apply direct pressure to wound or base of penetrating object
- apply appropriate wound dressings and continue direct pressure
- monitor dressing and circulation beyond injury
22
Q
Information when handover of a patient
A
A – Age and name,
M – Mechanism of injury or how it happened or what has been happening
I – Injuries or complaints
S – Sign and symptoms – pulse rate, breathing rate, skin colour etc
T – Treatment and what you have done.
23
Q
causes of burns
A
- dry heat
- wet heat
- electrical
- chemical
- radiation
- friction
24
Q
Consciousness:
Level of response (acronym)
A
- A lert (wach), casualty is fully alert
- V oice, casualty response to your voice
- P ressure, casualty responds to pressure
- U responsive
25
Manage burn
1. Remove from source of heat
2. Cool the burn with running water (seawater; not ice water) for 20-30min. repeat every 3h
3. remove jewellery and loose clothing
4. Cover the burn with cling film
26
What is the primary survey?
The primary survey is a fast and systematic way to find and treat life-threatening conditions in priority order.
--> DRABC
27
Life-threatening conditions:
Airway swelling, narrowing or blockage caused by:
7 causes
- the tongue
- vomit
- choking
- burns
- strangulation
- hanging
- anaphylaxis
28
10 causes of unconsciousness
F ainting
I mbalance of Temp.
S hock
H ead injury
S trock
H eart attack
A sphyxia
P oisoning
E pilepsy
D iabetes
29
An asthma attack is...
... a reaction in the lungs, triggered by dust, pollen, smoke, exercise, stress or infection.
30
The role of a first aider?
5 responsibilities:
1. Assessing the situation
2. Protecting from danger
3. Getting help
4. Prioritising treatment
5. Minimising infection risks
31
Signs and symptoms of shock:
- pale skin
- cold and clammy skin
- feeling cold, shivering
- feeling faint or dizzy
- confusion
- puls rapid, weak or irregular
32
Signs of concussion or compression
- dizziness
- unsteady
- nausea
- loss of memory
- headache
33
Symptoms of brain compression
headaches
vomiting
drowsiness
dizziness
confusion,
progressive loss of consciousness
34
Respiratory rates:
- adult
- child
- baby
adult 12-20
child 20-40
baby 30-60
breaths/min
35
What to ask when conscious?
A lert -> Name? Month?
V oice -> Respond?
P ressure -> Respond?
U nresponsiv
36
What is Hypoxia?
Sauerstoffmangel
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. Hypoxia may be classified as either generalized, affecting the whole body, or local, affecting a region of the body.
37
8 recognition of hypoxia?
- pale clammy skin*
- blue tinges to skin and lips*
- increase in puls rate*
- nausea or vomiting*
- increased breathing rate
lowered breathing rate
- distressed breathing or gasping
*caused by adrenalin!
38
Recognition of stroke
(acronym)
B alance
E eyes
F ace
A rm /Leg
S peech
T ime to call 999
39
How much blood do we have?
- varies with size
- different by over weight
- around 0.5L per 7kg
= 60kg= 4.3L
= 90kg= 6.4L
40
What is Anaphylaxis?
eine schwere, lebensbedrohliche allergische Reaktion
A serious, potentially fatal reaction and a medical emergency!
41
CPR = Ca...
(DE?)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(Herz-Lungen-Reanimation)
42
process CPR
- (5x rescue breaths by drowning or children, befor starting compressions)
- 30x chest compressions, depth 5-6cm, rate 100-120 comp./min.
- 2x rescue breaths (within 10 seconds)
- continue compressions...
43
3 types of shock
- Hypovolaemic shock (low-blood-volume)
- Cardiogenic shock (low-blood-pressure)
- Anaphylactic shock (allergic reaction)
44
Difference Signs and Symptoms?
Signs = What we see, feel or smell
Symptoms = What they feel; Ask casualty!
45
"normal" heart rates at rest:
- adult
- children
- baby
- adult 60-90
- children 90-110
- baby 110-140
46
Objectives of a first aider?
P reserve life
P revent firther danger
P romote recovery
47
Treatment of bleeding
- sit or lay
- examine
- pressure
- dressing
48
A
(DRABC)
AIRWAY
- Identify and treat any life-threatening airway problems
- if unconscious tilt the head back to open airway
- when airway is clean/open, move to B (Breathing)
49
Choking
Ablauf
- Ask: "Are you choking?"
- Instruct to cough "Cough!"
- Call 999/112
- Lean casualty forwards
- Give 5 sharp blows between shoulder with heel of hand
- Abdominal thrusts, max. 5x
- Repeat blows and abdominal thrusts
- if casualty becomes unconscious -> CPR
50
BLS?
Basic Life Support
=
DRABCDE
51
Why need unconscious casualties urgend help and take priority?
Because the bodys natural reflexes can be disabled. If laying on their back, the airway can be blocked: Tongue or Vomit
52
What does Arteries?
- Carry blood away from the heart
- largest artery: Aorta (connects directly to the heart)
- strong, elastic, muscular walls
53
If the body becomes too hot...
... we produce sweat to cool the skin
54
5 process points of CPR
1. Look, listen and feel for normal breathing
2. Kids or Drawning: First 5x rescue breaths
3. 30x chest compressions 5-6cm
4. 2x rescue breaths
5. AED if defibrillator arrives
55
What does Veins?
- carry blood towards the heart
- thinner walls than arteries because less blood-pressure
- largest vein connect to the heart, called "vena cava"
56
Treatment by hyperventilation?
Move casualty to a quit place and explain that they are hyperventilating
--> speak / conversation!
57
Treatment of collapsed lung?
- DRABC
- sit casualty upright, leaning towards injured side
- a open sucking chest wound: leave it open!
- if unconscious: Airway, Breathing
58
Protection during CPR?
Face shield or Pocket Mask
Gloves
59
How looks Arterial bleeding?
- bright red (full of o2)
- spurting (spritzen)
60
The recovery position is for an...
... unresponsive, uninjured casualty who is breathing normally and does not require CPR.
61
5x clues to injury
- bruising (kleinflächige Hautblutung)
- swelling (Schwellung)
- deformity (Deformation)
- bleeding
- discharge (Ausguss Nase/Ohren)
62
Signs and Symptoms by shock
- pale skin
- cold and clammy skin
- sweating
- feeling cold, shivering
- confusion
- puls rapid, weak or irregular
63
Breathing:
7x life-threatening conditions
- asthma
- crushing of the chest
- chest injury
- collapsed lung
- poisoning
- anaphylaxis
- cardiac arrest
64
Chain of survival
-> early recognition and call for help
-> early CPR to buy time
-> early defibrillation, to restart the heart
-> early advanced life support
65
most important emergency number in Europa?
112
66
define "unconsciousness"
an interruption in the normal activity of the brain
67
Recognise signs and symptoms of adrenaline
5x
- diverts blood away from skin and stomach
- diverts blood towards the heart, lungs and brain
- increases the heart rate
- increases the strength of the heartbeat and blood pressure
- opens the air passages on the lungs
68
Circulation:
6x life-threatening conditions
- heart attack
- heart failure
- severe bleeding
- poisoning
- anaphylaxis
- cardial arrest
69
if the body detects low oxygen, what will he do?
Released the emergency hormone ADRENALINE
70
whats in the air that we breath?
in / out
breath in:
Oxygen O2 21%
carbon dioxide CO2 0.04%
nitrogen 79% (Stickstoff)
water vapour
breath out:
Oxygen O2 16%
carbon dioxide CO2 4%
nitrogen 79% (Stickstoff)
water vapour: saturated
71
if the body becomes to cold...
... we shiver = create heat by muscle movement
72
DRABC
D
DANGER
- make sur you, the casualty and any bystanders are safe
- dont put own life at risk
- ask for help -> bystanders can call 999/112
73
Depths of burns
suerficial
partial
deep
74
"Normal" respiratory rate adult
12-20 breath/min.
75
apparently
offenbar
76
capillary bleeding
trickles (tröpfeln)
77
DRABC
R
RESPONSE
- check if casualty is conscious
- talk to him/her "are you allright?"
- gently shake ot tap, squezze
- unconscious take priority and need urgent treatment
- if a unconscious is on their back, the airway can be a risk
78
S
A
M
P
L
E
Secondary survey:
S igns and symptoms
A allergies
M edication
P ast medical history
L ast meal
E vent history
79
How much blood loss is critical?
- blood loss over 10% should be treated for shock
- body can not compensate after 30% blood loss withfaster heart rate
- after 30% blood loss, blood pressure falls quickly, and brain has a lack of oxygen
80
communication "getting help"
what informations?
- location
- what happened
- what help required
- how many casualties
- injuries
- repeat location at the end
81
PPE
4 things
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- fluid resistant surgical mask
- eye protection
- disposable apron (Schurz)
- gloves
82
Secondary survey, ask casualty:
S Signs and Symptoms
A Allergies
M Medication
P Past medical hirstory
L Last Meal
E Event history
83
DRABC
B
Breathing
- Identify and treat any life-threatening breathing problems
- if the casualty is unconscious and not breathing normally -> CPR
- when life-threatening breathing problems have been ruled out or treated -> Circulation
84
venous bleeding?
- dark red (less O2)
- flows
85
Anaphylaxis is...
... an extremly dangerous allergic reaction
86
When asking SAMPLE?
secondary survey
87
Zwerchfell ->EN
Wo und was?
Respiratory diaphragm
- below the lungs
- major muscle of respiration
88
Treatment shock
- DRABC
- Airway
- Treat the cause
- lay down
- give warm / blanket
89
control pupils
when and why?
by possible concussion or compression, after a while.
if both pupils react normal = good
if one pupil decrease and the other not = bad
could be pressure in head/brain
90
when CPR?
If the casualty is unconscious and not breathing normally for more than 10 seconds
91
DRABC
C
Circulation
- Identify and treat any life-threatening circulation problems
- when ruled out or treated, the primary survey is complete ->look for other problems
92
BVM
Bag-Valve-Mask
93
Position by head injury?
94
Normal body temperature?
36-37.5°C
95
DRABC
Danger
Response
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
96
3 common shocks?
Hypovolaemic shock
- low-volume-blood
- bleeding, burns, vomiting
Cardiogenic shocks
- heart attack, cardiac arrest
Anaphylactic shock
- allergic reaction
97
ersticken (EN)
choking
98
Niere (EN) + wofür?
Kidneys
- special filter system
- remove waste products from blood and produce urine
- helps control blood pressure
99
3 types of bleeding + description
Arterial:
- under direct pressure
- blood "spurts" (spritzt)
- life-threatening in just 2 min.
- blood rich in oxygen = bright red
Venous:
- not direct under pressure
- blood "flow"
- it is life-threatening
Capillary:
- first fast flow
100
when somebody is choking: 5 points
1. Ask "Are you choking?"
2. Instruct to cough
3. Give max. 5 backblows
4. Give max. 5 abdominal thrusts (heimlich griff)
5. start CPR when becomes unresponsive
101
Leber (EN) + description
Liver
- removes toxics from the blood
- maintain healthy blood suger level
- regulates blood clotting (Blutgerinnung)
2 STCW CONTENT
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