Neuro > First-Aid > Flashcards

First-Aid Flashcards

(51 cards)

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0
Q

Thalamus

VPL

A
  • spinothalamic and dorsal columns

- Pain and temp; pressure, touch, vibration, and proprioception

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1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

the hypothalamus wears TAN HATS:

  • Thirst and water balance
  • Adenohypophysis control (regulates anterior pituitary)
  • Neurohypophysis releases hormones produced in hypothalamus
  • Hunger
  • Autonomic regulation
  • Temperature regulation
  • Sexual urges
  • not protected by blood-brain barrier
  • ADH + Oxytocin but stored and released by posterior pituitary
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2
Q

Thalamus

VPM

A
  • Trigeminal and gustatory pathways

- Face sensation and taste (makeup goes on the face)

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3
Q

Thalamus

LGN

A
  • CN II

- Vision (Lateral = Light)

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4
Q

Thalamus

MGN

A
  • Superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum

- hearing (medial = music)

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5
Q

Thalamus

VL

A
  • basal ganglia, cerebellum

- motor

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6
Q

Limbic system

A

the famous 5 F’s

  • Feeding
  • Fleeing
  • Fighting
  • Feeling
  • Sex

structures: hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies, and cingulate gyrus.

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

Modulates movements; aids in coordination and balance

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8
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

important in voluntary movements and making postural adjustments.
provides negative feedback to cortex to modulate movements.
Straitum = putamen(motor) + caudate(cognitive)
Lentiform = putamen + globus pallidus

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9
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Parkinson TRAPS your body

  • Tremor
  • cogwheel Rigidity
  • Akinesia (or bradykinesia)
  • Postural instability
  • Shuffling gait
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10
Q

Huntington disease

A

expansion of CAG repeats (anticipation)

- Caudate loses ACh and GABA

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11
Q

Hemiballismus

A

“Half-of-body ballistic”

  • Sudden, wild flinging of 1 arm +/- ipsilateral leg
  • contralateral subthalamic nucleus
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12
Q

Chorea

A

Chorea = dancing

  • Sudden, jerky, purposeless movements
  • basal ganglia (e.g.,Huntington)
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13
Q

Athetosis

A

Writhing, snake like movements

  • Slow, writhing movements; especially seen in fingers
  • Basal ganglia
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14
Q

Myoclonus

A

Jerks; hiccups; common in metabolic abnormalities such as renal and liver failure.
- sudden, brief, uncontrolled muscle contractions

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15
Q

Dystonia

A

Sustained, involuntary muscle contractions

- writer’s cramp; blepharospasm (sustained eyelid twitch)

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16
Q

Lesion of Amygdala (bilateral)

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome (hyperorality, hypersexuality, disinhibited behavior)
- Associated with HSV-1

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17
Q

Lesion of Frontal lobe

A

Disinhibition and deficits in concentration, orentation, and judgment; my have reemergence of primitive reflexes

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18
Q

Lesion of Right parietal-temporal cortex

A

spatial neglect syndrome (agnosia of the contralateral side of the world)

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19
Q

Lesion of Left parietal-temporal cortex

A

Agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation
- Gerstmann syndrome

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20
Q

Lesion of Reticula activating system (midbrain)

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A

Reduced levels of arousal and wakefulness

21
Q

Lesion of Mammillary Bodies (bilateral)

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A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
-problems come in a CAN of beer:
Confusion, Ataxia, Nystagmus

22
Q

Lesion of Basal Ganglia

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A

May result in tremor at rest, chorea, or athetosis

-Parkinson disease

23
Q

Lesion of Cerebellar hemisphere

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A

Intention tremor, limb ataxia, and loss of balance; damage to the cerebellum results in ipsilateral deficits; fall toward side of lesion

24
Lesion of subthalamic nucleus
contralateral hemiballismus
25
Lesion of Hippocampus (bilateral)
Anterograde amnesia - inability to make new memories
26
Lesion of Frontal eye fields
eyes look toward lesion
27
Lesion of paramedian pontine reticular formation
eyes look away from side of lesion
28
Aphasia
higher-order inability to speak
29
Dysarthria
motor inability to speak
30
MCA
- anterior circulation - upper limb and face (motor+sensory cortex) - contralateral paralysis + loss of sensation - Temporal lobe (Wernicke area); frontal lobe (Broca area) - Aphasia if in dominant (usually left) hemisphere - Hemineglect if in non-dominant
31
ACA
- Lower limb Motor + Sensory cortex - frontal lobe abnormality - contralateral
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Lenticulostriate artery
- Striatum, internal capsule | - Contralateral hemiparesis/ hemiplegia
33
Anterior spinal artery
- medial medullary syndrome - lateral corticospinal tract=contralateral hemiparesis-upper+lower limb - medial lemniscus= decreased contralateral proprioception - caudal medulla-hypoglossal nerve=tongue deviates ipsilateral -stroke commonly billateral
34
posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
- "Don't pick a (PICA) horse (hoarseness) that can't eat (dysphagia)." - lateral medullary (Wallenburg) syndrome - Lateral medulla=vestibular nuclei, lateral spinothalamic tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, sympathetic fibers, inferior cerebellar peduncle. - Vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus - less pain+temp sensation from ipsilateral face and contralateral body - dysphagia, hoarseness, less gag reflex - ipsilateral Horner syndrome - ataxia, dysmentria
35
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
- "Facial droop means AICA's pooped." - Lateral Pontine syndrome - Lateral pons: cranial nerve nuclei; vestibulr nuclei, facial nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, cochlear nuclei, sympathetic fibers. - vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus - Paralysis of the face, less lacrimation, salivation, less taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue, less corneal reflex - face= less pain+temp - ipsilateral less hearing and Horner syndrome - Middle + inferior cerebellar peduncles; ataxia, dysmetria
36
Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
- Occipital cortex, visual cortex | - Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing
37
Basilar Artery
- Pons, medulla, lower midbrain, corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts, ocular cranial nerve nuclei, paramedian pontine reticular formation - preserved consciousness and blinking, quadriplegia, loss of voluntary facial, mouth, and tongue movements. - "Locked-in syndrome."
38
anterior communicating artery
- most common lesion is aneurysm - can lead to stroke. - Saccular (berry) aneurysm can impinge cranial nerves - visual field defects
39
Posterior communicating artery
- Common site of saccular aneurysm | - CN III palsy-eye is down and out with ptosis and pupil dilation
40
Aneurysms
in general, an abnormal dilation of artery due to weakening of vessel wall.
41
Berry aneurysm
- occurs at bifurcations in the circle of Willis. - most common in ACom A. and ACA - Rupture leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage ("worst headache of life") - associted with: ADPKD, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfans syndrome.
42
Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysm
- associated with chronic hypertension | - affects small vessels (e.g., in basal ganglia, thalamus)
43
Central post-stroke pain syndrome
Neuropathic pain due to thalamic lesions. Initial sensation of numbness and tingling followed in weeks to months by allodynia (ordinarily painless stimuli cause pain) and dysaesthesia. occurs in 10% of stroke patients.
44
Epidural hematoma
- rupture of middle meningeal artery, often 2nd to fracture of temporal bone - lucid interval - CT shows biconvex (lentiform)
45
Subdural hematoma
- rupture of bridging veins - slow venous bleeding (less pressure = develops over time) - elderly, alcoholics, blunt trauma, shaken baby - Crescent shaped hemorrhage that crosses suture lines - midline shift
46
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- rupture of an aneurysm - rapid time course - worst headache of my life - bloody/yellow spinal tap
47
Intraparenchymal (hypertensive) hemorrhage
- most commonly caused by systematic hypertension. - typically occurs in basal ganglia and internal capsule (Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm of lenticulostrite vessels), but can be lobar.
48
Ischemic brain disease/stroke
- irreversible damage after 5 mins | - most vulnerable: hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, watershed areas
49
Hemorrhagic stroke
- intracranial bleeding, often due to hypertension, anticoagulation, and cancer. - basal ganglia is most common site
50
Ischemic stroke
- Acute blockage of vessels - Results in liquified necrosis - 3 types: - Thrombotic= clot directly at site, commonly MCA - Embolic= embolus from another part of body - Hypoxic= due to hypoperfusion or hypoxemia, cardiovascular surgery
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