First Test 151102

Question 1

Parietal bones (2)

Answer 1

Form side/roof of cranial cavity

Question 2

Temporal bones (2)

Answer 2

Form the lateral aspects/ floor of cranium

Question 3

Occipital bone

Answer 3

Forms posterior part and most of base of cranium

Question 4

Sphenoid bone

Answer 4

Wedge-shaped, lies at the middle part of the base of skull

butterfly-shaped

Question 5

Ethmoid bone

Answer 5

Anterior part of cranial floor, medial to orbits

• major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity
• contains projections (conchae), lined by mucous membranes
• increased surface area in nasal cavity, humidifies inhaled air, traps inhaled particles

Question 6

Define suture

Answer 6

Immovable joints that fuse most of skull bones together

Question 7

What are the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 7

• 4 pairs of air filled spaces surrounding the nasal cavity
• secretions produced by the mucous membranes (which line the sinuses), drain into the nasal cavity
• serve as resonating chambers that intensify and prolong sounds

Question 8

How many bones does the skull consist of?

Answer 8

22 bones

• 8 cranial bones
• 14 facial bones

Question 9

Define foramen

Answer 9

Openings that allow veins, ligaments and nerves to pass

Question 10

Define fissures

Answer 10

Narrow groove/division/furrow between adjacent bones through which blood vessels or nerves pass (eg superior orbital fissure)

Question 11

Define fossa

Answer 11

Shallow depression (for glands etc. lacrimal fossa for lacrimal gland

Question 12

Nasal bones

Answer 12

form the bridge of the nose

Question 13

maxillae

Answer 13

• form the upper jawbone
• forms most of the hard palate
  
  • separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

Question 14

zygomatic bones

Answer 14

commonly called cheekbones, form the prominences of the cheeks

Question 15

lacrimal bones

Answer 15

form a part of the medial wall of each orbit, smallest in face

Question 16

palatine bones

Answer 16

form the posterior portion of the hard palate

Question 17

inferior nasal conchae

Answer 17

scroll-like bones, form a part of the inferior lateral wall of the nasal cavity and help filter air before reaching lungs

Question 18

vomer

Answer 18

inferior portion of nasal septum, triangular

Question 19

mandible

Answer 19

jawbone, largest, strongest facial bone. The only movable skull bone

Question 20

nasal septum

Answer 20

divides the interior of the nasal cavity into right and left sides

Question 21

define orbits

Answer 21

eye sockets

Question 22

hyoid bone

Answer 22

• does not articulate with any other bone
• supports tongue, providing attachment sites for muscles of tongue, neck and pharynx
• also helps larynx (voice box) open at all times

Question 23

define sinuses

Answer 23

air cavities within bones, relieve pressure

Question 24

name other cavities besides the large one (3 main ones)

Answer 24

• nasal cavity
• orbits
• paranasal cavities
• small cavities (contain organs involved in hearing and equilibrium

Question 25

name the bones of the orbit (7)

Answer 25

- frontal bone - sphenoid bone - palatine bone - zygomatic bone - ethmoid bone - lacrimal bone - maxilla

Question 26

define fontanels

Answer 26

- areas of unossified tissue - at birth, fontanels (commonly called soft spots) link the cranial bones - eventually, they are replaced with bone to become sutures - provide flexibility to the foetal skull, allowing skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal

Question 27

what is craniosynotosis

Answer 27

(premature cranial suture fusion) = abnormal skull shape, blindness, retardation. seriousness depends on sutures involved and early diagnosis

Question 28

name the four paranasal sinuses

Answer 28

- frontal sinus - maxillary sinus - ethmoid sinuses (anterior and posterior) - sphenoid sinus

Question 29

roles of sinuses

Answer 29

- immunological defense - lightening of skull - increasing surface area for smell (olfaction) - increasing voice resonance - buffer against facial trauma - humidifying & heating inhaled air - regulating intranasal pressures

Question 30

name one facial nerve

Answer 30

7th (VII) cranial nerve

Question 31

define Bell's Palsy

Answer 31

facial paralysis due to nerve damage (eg. infection)

Question 32

role of orbicularis oculi (muscle)

Answer 32

closes eye

Question 33

role of levator palpebrae superioris (muscle)

Answer 33

opens the eye / raises lid

Question 34

role of orbicularis oris (muscle)

Answer 34

puckers the mouth

Question 35

role of buccinator (muscle)

Answer 35

forms muscular portion of the cheek and assist in whistling, blowing, sucking and chewing

Question 36

annulus of zinn

Answer 36

most extraocular muscles arise from here (all except from inferior oblique)

Question 37

name 3 cranial nerves that innervate the EOMs

Answer 37

- oculomotor nerve (CNIII) - superior, medial, inferior rectus and inferior oblique - Trochlear nerve (CNIV) - superior oblique - abducens nerve (CNVI) - lateral rectus

Question 38

define adduction

Answer 38

eye moves inward, towards the nose

Question 39

define abduction

Answer 39

eye moves outwards, away from nose

Question 40

define intorsion

Answer 40

rotates top of eye towards the nose

Question 41

define extorsion

Answer 41

rotates top of eye away from nose

Question 42

define elevation

Answer 42

moves eye up

Question 43

define depression (eye movement)

Answer 43

moves eye down

Question 44

role of superior oblique

Answer 44

rotates eye, pulls eye downwards + medially (intorsion, depression, adduction)

Question 45

role of inferior oblique

Answer 45

rotates eye, pulls eye upwards and laterally (extorsion, elevation and abduction

Question 46

role of lateral rectus

Answer 46

moves eye outwards, abduction

Question 47

role of medial rectus

Answer 47

moves eye inwards, adduction

Question 48

role of superior rectus

Answer 48

raises eye, elevation, intorsion, adduction

Question 49

role of inferior rectus

Answer 49

moves eye downwards, depression, extorsion, adduction

Question 50

define trochlea

Answer 50

a loop of fibrous tissue that superior oblique tendon passes through. the trochlea exerts pressure used in pulley system SO is the only EOM innervated by the Trochlear nerve (4th cranial nerve)

Question 51

Frontal bone

Answer 51

Forms forehead

Question 52

Define transduction

Answer 52

The retina: light -> electrical potential

Question 53

The retina: encoding

Answer 53

Electrical potentials -> action potential sequences for retinal output