Fish2

Question 1

Issues for fish farming

Answer 1

• Sustainability
• Fish escaping
• Pollution
• Eco- efficiency
• Disease

Question 2

Nutritional value of fish

Answer 2

• highly disgestable protein (15- 20g/ 100g of fish)
  [rich in essential amino acid]
  [Protein break down as absorpable peptides, maybe bioactive and enhance immunity]
• Fish oil ( 20% in oily fish; 1-2 % in lean fish)
  [extracted- long chain omega 3: eicosapentanenoic (EPA) & docosahexaenoic (DHA)]
• Vitamin A, E, D & B
• minerals: rich sources of iodine and selenium, low level iron ( but effectively absorpable), calcium and phosphorus (from soft fish bones in salmon, sadines etc)

Question 3

UK fish consumption 2000- 05

Answer 3

20% more total fish consumption
100% more shell fish consumption 
25% more oily fish consumption
Consumption below global average (20Kg)
75% in UK do not eat fish
(www.seafish.org)

Question 4

Fish consumed in UK

Answer 4

(x1000 T)

1. Tuna 77000
2. Salmon 50182
3. Cod 48775
4. Prawns 33023
5. Haddock 23015

Question 5

Fish spoiled quickily if ________, because_______

Answer 5

it’s not chilled

continually enzyme activity (autolysis) & bacteria

Question 6

In fish spoilage, protein breaks down to

Answer 6

peptide, amino acids and amines - especially cadaverine & histamine

Question 7

Bacteria build up in fish spoilage can

Answer 7

produce toxin within the bacteria cell wall (endotoxin)

Question 8

Enzyme in fish optimal activity temperature

Answer 8

the typical environmental temperature

Question 9

To reduce enzyme activity in fish

Answer 9

to drop the temperature lower than the environmental temperature whether they come from warm or cold water

Question 10

Vitamin A in fish

Answer 10

in the form of more assimilated retinol needed for vision, reproduction and development

Question 11

Vitamin D in fish

Answer 11

in the form of D3 (cholecalciferol) which promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Question 12

Vitamin E in fish

Answer 12

an antioxidant which protects PUFAs and low density cholestrol from oxidation by free radicals

Question 13

Vitamin B complex in fish

Answer 13

includes vit B12, thiamine, riboflavin & pyridoxine. Essential in carbohydrate metabolism. B12 needed for formation of red blood cell

Question 14

Shell fish has rich minerals of

Answer 14

zinc & iron

Question 15

Lipid content in fish depends on

Answer 15

• types of fish
• fish feed
• Time of year

Question 16

Factors of high carcass fat

Answer 16

• low activity in farmed fish

- high energy feed

Question 17

Salmon lipid content

Answer 17

vary between 8 - 20%

even higher in bigger fish

Question 18

Fish oil are high in

Answer 18

• long chain omega 3 : eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) & docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
• some monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids

Question 19

fish lipid content reflects on __________

Answer 19

fish feed

Question 20

All marine feeds gives high content of

Answer 20

EPA eicosapentaenoic acid

DHA docosahexaenoic acid

Question 21

Substitution of fish feed with vegatable oil tend to lower the

Answer 21

fish lipid content of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic, especially the DHA and increase omega 6

Question 22

Demersal fish have ______ lipid content in _______

store lipid in _______

Answer 22

eg. cod, haddock
low lipid content in muscle
and store lipid in liver

Question 23

Lipid in muscle are rich in

Answer 23

long chain omega 3, with significant amount in phospholipid form

Question 24

Fish oil effects in human

Answer 24

• Brain development
• Foetus brain growth & development - ME & Central nervous system [ LCPUFA (DHA!!) , iodine & trace elements] [Ratio up to 15:1]
• Immunity response - eczema, asthma
• Evolved with littoral marine and lacustrine food chains
• Poor conversion of linoleic and linolenic acid to LC-PUFAs
• Placenta selectively transfers LC-PUFAs: biomagnification

Question 25

Role of EPA and DHA

Answer 25

- Produce eicosanoids (cell messengers) in cell membrane, include: prostracyclins and thromboxanes > affecting the contraction of blood vessels and stickiness of platelets; leukotrienes > reduce inflammation - reduce thrombosis - blood clot blocks an arteries> avoid stroke - reduce irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)

Question 26

Omega 3 deficiency

Answer 26

- Coronary heart disease and stroke - EFA deficiency in infancy and associated retinal and brain damage - Auto-immune disorders (e.g. asthma, eczma, psoriasis) - Crohn’s disease - Mild hypertension - Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 27

Fish/Fish Oil and Cardiovascular Protection

Answer 27

- Omega-3 (EPA + DHA) are components of phospholipids in all cell walls throughout the body - improve membrane function - reduce blood aggregation) > reduce clotting tendency - Blood pressure is decreased - Three large controlled trials with 32,000 participants showed a 19% to 45% reduction of cardiovascular events as a result of as supplements of EPA plus DHA - Epidemiological studies consistently shown a significant inverse relationship between coronary arterial disease (CAD) and fish intake. - One fishmeal per week was associated with a 15% reduction in ChD risk, five or more were associated with a 40% ¹(Lee J L et al, 2008)

Question 28

Fish and Brain/Neurological Development

Answer 28

- The brain is the fatty organ containing a high proportion of EPA & DHA, especially DHA - Nerves and eyes too have a high content of EPA & DHA - Body synthesis of these fatty acids is poor - Fish can provide a rich source of the PUFA - Human milk contains small amounts of DHA. Fish is recommended, especially in pregnancy and lactation. Foetal development is improved by so doing - Continued feeding of some form of fish during infancy improves mental development (cognitive function) - Fish reduces incidence of attention deficit hyperactive disorder. It can help in cases of dyslexia

Question 29

Deficiency of omega-3 LC-PUFA linked to:-

Answer 29

- Reduced cognitive function - Reduced visual function - Attention deficit - Hyperactivity disorders - Dyslexia - Senile dementia - Clinical depression - Bipolar disorder - Schizophrenia

Question 30

Fish Consumption and Mental Development

Answer 30

- can reduce incidence or severity of depression and schizophrenia; also help in some cases of Alzheimer’s disease - believed to improve synapase plasticity in the brain, improving neuron connections (signaling)

Question 31

FISH INTAKE AND POST-NATAL DEPRESSION

Answer 31

Study of 14,500 pregnant women in last trimester to 8 months after birth High intakes-consumed fish twice or three times a week High fish eaters had half the incidence of major depressive disorders

Question 32

FISH FATTY ACIDS MAKE BETTER PRISONERS

Answer 32

- Study at Aylesbury Juvenile Jail, involved 230 prisoners - Half received a multi-vitamin supplement plus EPA and DHA; other half got vegetable oil - Dramatic reduction in bad behaviour of EPA/DHA consumers (Bernard Gesch, Oxford University)

Question 33

GLOBAL NEEDS FOR EPA + DHA

Answer 33

Global population 7 billion; 1 billion eat fish Assuming remaining 6 billion should receive EU suggested amount of 250mg/day for normal circulatory, heart and cognitive function > Need 91g / person/ yr Globally would need 546,000t fish oil or increased fish supply. ( increase over half of now world fish oil production) Is 250 mg/person/day realistic?

Question 34

CLAIMS ALLOWED BY EU FOR BENEFITS OF EPA + DHA

Answer 34

DHA: - Contributes to normal brain function, brain development of foetus and breast-fed infants, vision and visual development of infants to 12 months of age, normal development of eye of foetus and breast-fed infants. DHA + EPA: - Contribute to normal function of heart ( EU 432/2012 and 440/2011)