supphylum where the flagellates are classified
SUBPHYLUM MASTIGOPHORA
Locomotory organelles
flagella
Axoneme
root of flagellum
Undulating membrane
Flagellum finlike structure that generates a wavelike motion
Serves as oral cavity
cytosome
Constitute the neuromotor apparatus (blepharoplast and parabasal body)
With kinetoplast
LIFE CYCLE OF G. LAMBLIA
- Portal of Entry – Mouth
- Mode of Transmission – Ingestion of infective cyst
Habitat – Intestine - Portal of Exit – Anus
- *** with mechanical irritation
causative agent of G. Lamblia
Traveller’s diarrhea
Control and prevention of G. Lamblia
- Treatment of cases (Metronidazole)
- Proper or sanitary waste disposal to prevent contamination of water supply and food
- Avoid the use of night soil as fertilizer
Dientamoeba fragilis life cycle
Portal of Entry – Mouth
Mode of Transmission – Ingestion of trophozoites Habitat – Intestine
Portal of Exit – Anus
***may be transmitted via eggs of Ascaris and Enterobius
pathogenicity of T. hominis & T. Tenax
commensal
pathogenicity of T. Vaginalis
may cause UTI
G. lamblia pathology
- Non-tissue invading but pathologic
- Causative agent of Traveller’s diarrhea
- Upon ingestion of the cysts it takes 1-4 weeks for disease to manifest (9 days)
- Maybe asymptomatic (cyst passer)
- Mechanical irritation of the sucking disc to the microvilli → deficiencies in the digestive enzymes → malabsorption (steatorrheic)
ACUTE CASES g. lamblia
- abdominal pain, cramping with diarrhea
- There is a note of flatus with an odor of H2S- smelling like “rotten eggs”
- Bloating, nausea and anorexia followed by malaise and flatulence
- Untreated
Chronic cases of g. lamblia
- Steatorrhea or the passage greasy, frothy stool that float on toilet water
- weight loss
- profound malaise
- fever
Control and prevention of g. lamblia
- Treatment of cases (Metronidazole)
- Proper or sanitary waste disposal to prevent contamination of water supply and food
- Avoid the use of night soil as fertilizer
Life cycle of G. lamblia
− Ingestion of Dormant Cysts
− Excystation trophozoite emerge to an active state
− Trophozoite undergo asexual replication
− Not everyone exhibit symptoms
− Encystation during transit toward the colon
− Cysts and trophozoites expelled in the feces
− Only cysts can survive outside of the host
− Cyst can survive for weeks to months in cold water
